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    雅的产生和礼有着密切的关系,雅的观念在某种程度上是以礼为衡量的标准。而只有雅的观念产生,雅乐与俗乐之间才开始真正有了区分。在雅乐的生产过程中,“艺术加工”有着重要的作用。

    雅乐有些是专业艺人的创作,有些却是对俗乐进行艺术加工的结果。“俗乐”的概念,是依“俗”的原始含义经过漫长的发展衍变而自然形成的,期间没有经过刻意的艺术加工,因而保留的原始的、民间的东西多一些。如果俗乐经过一定的艺术加工与改造,能够遵从礼的规范,就变成了雅乐。如《诗经》中的《国风》,很多都是乡间的俗乐,但它们经过乐官的加工后,就成为能在正式场合演奏的雅乐了。对俗乐的艺术加工,实际上涉及材料选择、金属铸造、丝竹加工、协调音律、乐曲创作、舞蹈编排,以及最后的审查、修订等诸多生产领域与环节。这就需要具备一定的社会条件与社会分工程度,加工才能顺利进行。可以说,只有社会分工的出现,才使得从事精神生产的人脱离了物质生产,从而有更多的时间、精力进行专业的精神生产,并因此而具有了很高的专业文化修养。如“大师”“乐师”等专职乐官的出现,就使得音乐的生产有了比较明确的分工,同时也为雅乐的艺术加工活动提供了专业的人才保障。而《札记·乐记》:“天下大定,然后正六律,和五声,弦歌诗颂。”《荀子·王制》:“修宪命,审诛赏,禁淫声,以时顺修,使夷俗邪音不敢乱雅,大师之事也。”更是从制度上为社会分工和艺术分工找到了依据。因此,在由俗到雅的音乐生产过程中,艺术加工有着重要的作用。

    在雅乐的生产过程中,由俗向雅的艺术加工主要体现在两个方面,一是直接的艺术加工,一是间接的艺术加工。直接的艺术加工,就是针对音声、曲调、节奏、辞句等等所作的直接修改。如周代的乐官所进行的剔除邪音的工作,就是直接的艺术加工。间接的艺术加工主要表现在对不同方言的诗歌进行翻译过程中的加工。原来的作品,所用的语言可能是极为通俗的方言。但由于翻译者具有很高的文化修养,在翻译作品时,会自觉地根据自己的修养,将通俗的言辞雅化,再呈现给贵族统治者。这种加工,更多是依靠文人的自觉意识来雅化作品。如钱穆在《中国民族之文字与文学》一文中说:“鄂君子皙泛舟新波,越人拥楫而歌,鄂君不知越歌,乃召译使楚说之。此所谓越歌而楚说之者,其实即俗歌而雅说之者也。”可见,在雅乐的生产过程中,艺术加工是无时不在的,它是由俗向雅转变的关键因素。由于它的存在,俗乐可以转为雅乐。同时,雅乐中也可能会包括着俗乐。雅乐与俗乐之间这种复杂的相互包容关系,正是艺术加工得以产生并长久存在的原因。

    综上所述,由俗到雅的艺术加工在雅乐产生过程中具有重要的意义。当然,经过了艺术加工的音乐不一定就是雅乐,但雅乐的产生,却一定是经过了艺术加工的。

(摘编自何涛《“艺术加工”在雅乐生产过程中的重要作用》)

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    The iPhone the iPad: each of Apple's products sounds cool and has become a fad(一时的风尚). Apple has cleverly taken advantage of the power of the letter “i”—and many other brands are following suit. The BBC's iPlayer—which allows Web users to watch TV programs on the Internet—used the title in 2008. A lovely bear—popular in the US and UK一that plays music and vide is called “iTeddy”. A slimmed-down version(简装本) of London's Independent newspaper was stated last week under the name “i”.

    In general, single-letter prefixes(前缀) have been popular since the 1990s, when terms such as e-mail and e-commerce first came into use.

    Most “i” products are targeted at young people and considering the major readers of Independent's “i”, it's no surprise that they've selected this fashionable name.

    But it's hard to see what's so special about the letter “i” Why not use “a”, “b”, or “c” instead? According to Tony Thorne, head of the Language Center at King's College, London, “i”works because its meaning has become ambiguous. When Apple uses “i”, no one knows whether it means Internet, information, individual or intcractive, Thorne told BBC Magazines. “Even when Apple created the iPod, it seems it didn't have one clear definition,” he says.

    “However, thanks to Apple, the term is now connected with portability.” adds Thorne.

    Clearly the letter “i” also agrees with the idea that the Western World is centered on the individual. Each person believes they have their own needs, and we love personalized products for this reason.

    Along with“Google” and “blog”, readers of BBC Magazines voted“i”as one of the top 20 words that have come to define the last decade.

    But as history shows, people grow tired of fads. From the 1900s to 1990s, products with “2000” in their names became fashionable as the year was connected with all things advanced and modern. How ever, as we entered the new century, the fashion disappeared.