题干

阅读下面的文字,完成后面小题。

    一些科学家认为,游戏行为是未来生活的排演或演习,游戏行为使得动物从小就能熟悉未来生活中要掌握的各种“技能”,例如追逐、躲藏、搏斗等等,熟悉未来动物社会中将要结成的各种关系。这对于动物将来的生存适应是非常重要的。这种假说可以称为“演习说”,基本观点是“游戏是生活的演习”。

    有一些科学家指出,游戏行为并不限于幼小动物,成年动物也同样需要。对于成年动物来说,不存在用游戏来演习生活的需要。他们还指出,有些动物的游戏与生存适应毫无关系。动物游戏是为了“自我娱乐”,而“自我娱乐”是动物天性的表现,正像捕食、逃避敌害、繁殖行为等是动物的天性一样。越是进化程度高、智力发达的动物,这种“自我娱乐”的天性越强。游戏正是这种自我娱乐的集中表现。通过自得其乐的游戏,使动物紧张的自然竞争生活得到某种调剂和补偿,使它们在生理上、心理上容易保持平衡,从而得到一定的自我安抚和自我保护。因而,不仅幼小动物,成年动物也需要游戏。以上假说可以称为“自娱说”。

    不久前,美国加州大学神经生理学家汉斯· 特贝、哈佛大学社会生物学家斯塔·阿特曼等提出一种引人注目的新假说——“学习说”。他们认为,游戏是一种实践性很强的学习行为,使用棍子、“捉迷藏”和追逐游戏,使动物学会利用有利地形保护自己的本领。游戏的实践性强,能产生直接的效果反馈,对锻炼动物的速度、敏捷、躲藏能力、争斗能力和利用环境的能力很有效。游戏向动物提供了大量机会,使它们能把自身的各种天赋技能和复杂的自然环境、社会环境巧妙地结合起来,因而无论对幼小动物还是成年动物,游戏都是一种十分重要的学习行为。

    美国爱达荷大学的约翰·贝叶和加拿大动物学家保尔· 赖特认为,游戏不仅是学习,而且是“锻炼”。贝叶注意到,西伯利亚羱羊的游戏带有明显的锻炼倾向:它们选择游戏场地时,似乎总是从“实战”出发,选择在坎坷的斜坡上奔跑追逐,在陡峭的悬崖上跳跃,好像是在锻炼它们逃避敌害的能力。赖特发现,北极熊的夏季游戏好像体育运动,这对于它们冬季捕食显然大有好处。因此,这两位学者提出“锻炼说”来补充“学习说”。

(选自《动物游戏之谜》,有删减)

上一题 下一题 0.0难度 选择题 更新时间:2017-07-27 12:01:41

答案(点此获取答案解析)

同类题2

阅读理解

    Denali National Park, Alaska

    History

    Within Denali National Park, the Toklat River will always have a special significance, as it was the location where naturalist Charles Sheldon built a cabin and was so moved that he fought to preserve the land. He moved back east and spent nine years lobbying (游说)to create Alaska's first national park.

    When to Visit

    To avoid the crowds, visit in June, but keep in mind that there are up to 21 hours of sunlight in Alaska in summer. If it seems like a bit much for your taste, try visiting in late August or September.

    If you visit to climb Mount McKinley, May and early June are the best times to climb.

    Major Attractions

    It is difficult not to see Denali's largest attraction towering 20,320 feet high. Mount McKinley can even be seen up to 70 miles away on a clear day. If you brave the climb to the top, you will be rewarded with charming views of the Alaska Range.

    Sable Pass is a prime spot to view grizzly bears. Closed to off-road foot traffic, the area is popular for bears feeding on berries, roots, and even occasionally on other mammals.

    Beginning at just below the summit of Mount McKinley, Muldrow Glacier flows 35 miles through a gorge and across the tundra. Twice in the last hundred years, the Muldrow has surged (涌动), most recently in the winter of 1956-1957.

Accommodation

    Five campgrounds are located within the park, and many are open from late spring to early fall.Note: reservations are strongly recommended during summer. Riley Creek campground is open all year round, and all but two (Sanctuary and Wonder Lake) offer RV (可供居住的大篷车)sites.

    Also within the park are a few lodges (旅馆)—North Face Lodge, Denali Backcountry Lodge and Kentishna Roadhouse.