题干

漫画《他杀》启示我们,建设全面小康社会必须(   )

A:增强发展的协调性,努力实现经济又好又快发展

B:全面改善人民生活,实现人人享有医疗保健

C:关注民生,确保公民饮水安全

D:建设生态文明,基本形成节约能源资源和保护生态环境的产业结构、增长方式

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D

同类题4

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电影对文学的反哺

邹贤尧

    电影作为第七艺术,一直受着文学的滋养。文学提供给电影取之不尽的素材和源源不断的人才,并不断提升其品格。电影从发明之初,到高度发达的今天,从商业电影到艺术电影,从胶片电影到数字电影到微电影,都不曾停止过以文学为蓝本,包括对畅销的通俗小说、经典名 著和网络小说的改编。尽管电影试图克服文学对它的“影响的焦虑”,确立自己的独立品格,但它仍然从文学那里受惠良多。当然,这并不表明电影只是简单地依附文学,电影以其特有的媒介优势,自有文学无法比拟的艺术效果,而且随着大众文化和高科技的迅猛发展,电影越来越显示出超过文学的强大的影响力,因此,电影给文学带来很大的反作用,这有其负面性,比如它影响到一些作家把小说写得越来越像剧本,没有充分的展开,没有深入的刻画,多是干巴巴的对话,成了所谓的“影视同期书”。电影对文学的影响又并非都是负面的,电影对文学有回报和反哺。电影也在向文学“还债”。

    一是改编电影对文学原著的反哺。通过电影改编,对文学原著的宣传及传播有着巨大功效,为文学经典的再造提供丰富的可能性,促进一度边缘化的文学再度走红。具体来说,借助电影 改编,传统经典得以延伸与扩散,比如《西游记》固然是广为人知的古典名著,但《大话西游》对它的全新演绎促其再放异彩;借了改编,被淹没的作品得到开发,被唤起与照亮,比如清末民初的王度庐及其小说《卧虎藏龙》,被人遗忘,知者甚少,李安的同名改编电影,将之从历史深处召唤出来;即如张恨水,也因五四新文学对其贬抑而长久被淹没、2 0世纪八九十年代,经影视改编而掀起“张恨水热”;电影改编对一般性的文学作品予以提炼、点染与提升。拍摄于2 0世纪8 0年代初的电影《小花》,淡化了原小说《桐柏英雄》的政治色彩,强化了原小说 的人性化内涵,原小说虽也在当时引起轰动,但电影《小花》更提升了其艺术品质。电影受惠于文学而又反哺文学,形成良性的互惠与助推,这在第五代导演与先锋派作家之间表现得更为 突出,张艺谋的电影大都改编自莫言等人的小说,但张艺谋改编电影的成功也带动了莫言、刘恒、苏童、余华等人在文学圈之外的走红。可以说电影《红高粱》在西方电影节的获奖,直接推动了莫言作品在西方被大量翻译并引起关注,为他获得诺奖不无助益,这反过来给有些疲软的中国当代文学注入一支强,心剂。

    二是电影化思维、电影化技巧对具体的文学创作的反哺。电影化思维引入文学创作后,拓宽了文学的艺术空间。乔伊斯、海明威、多斯•帕索斯、穆时英、王小波、李碧华、王朔、海岩等诸多的中外作家,都在小说创作中充分调动各种电影元素,运用电影画面造型的光、影、声、色来创造典型环境、表现人物心理、描写人物言行、塑造人物形象,展开生动丰富的。电影化的文学想象”。对电影表现技巧的借用,丰富了文学的表现手法。特别是以电影的蒙太奇思维,以交叉剪接、平行剪辑、快速剪接、快速场景变化、声音过渡、特写、叠印等电影化技巧,广泛地介入文学文本的生产之中。而一些电影的结构方式也纷纷被小说家效法,丰富了文学的结构形态。如《不可撤销》《记忆碎片》《薄荷糖》等的全逆式结构,《盲打误撞》《罗拉快跑》等的发散式块状结构等,被许多作家成功地移用到小说中,带来了小说形式与内容的创新。

(选自《光明日报》2015年12月30日第10版,有改动)

同类题5

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    The extraordinary Eastgate Building in Harare, Zimbabwe's capital city, is said to be the only one in the world to use the same cooling and heating principles as the termite mound (白蚁堆).

    Architect Mick Pearce used precisely the same strategy when designing the Eastgate Building, which has no air conditioning and almost no heating. The building is the country's largest commercial and shopping complex but uses less than 10% of the energy of a conventional building of its size. The Eastgate's owners saved 3.5 million on a 36 million building because air conditioning didn't have to be equipped.

    The complex is actually two buildings linked by bridges across a shady, glassroofed atrium (天井) open to the air. Fans suck fresh air in from the atrium, blow it upstairs through hollow spaces under the floors and from there into each office through vents (通风口). As it rises and warms, it is drawn out via ceiling vents and finally exists through fortyeight brick chimneys.

    During summer's cool nights, big fans blow air through the building seven times an hour to cool the empty floors. By day, smaller fans blow two changes of air an hour through the building to circulate the air which has been in contact with the cool floors. For winter days, there are small heaters in the vents.

    This is all possible only because Harare is 1,600 feet above sea level, and has cloudless skies, little dampness and rapid temperature swings-days as warm as 31 °C commonly drop to 14°C at night. “You couldn't do this in New York, with its fantastically hot summers and fantastically cold winters,” Pearce said.

    The engineering firm of Ove Arup & Partners monitors daily temperatures. It is found that the temperature of the building has generally stayed between 23 °C and 25 °C, with the exception of the annual hot period just before the summer rains in October and three days in November, when a doorkeeper accidentally switched off the fans at night. And the air is far fresher than in airconditioned buildings, where up to 30% of the air is recycled.