“是非之心，不虑而知，不学而能，所谓良知也。”王守仁强调“致良知”的途径是（   ）

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"Over the years the unthinkable hasbecome thinkable and today we sense we are close to being able to alter humanheredity œ#)." These were the words of David Baltimore of the CaliforniaInstitute of Technology, on December 1st, when he opened a three-day meeting inWashington to discuss the morality and use of human gene editing. Dr Baltimoreis an old hand at these sorts of discussions, for he was also a participant inthe Asilomar conference, in 1975, which brought scientists together to discussa safe way of using the then-new tcchnology of recombinant DNA, and whoserecommendations influenced a generation of biotechnology researchers.

Four decades on, the need for a similarsort of chin-wag has arisen. The InternationalSummit on Human Gene Editing has been held by the national scientific academiesof three countries — America, Britain and China. They are particularlyconcerned about whether gene editing should be used to make heritable changesto the human germ line, something Dr Baltimore described as a deep andtroubling question. Like those of Asilomar, the conclusions of this meetingwill not be binding. But the hope is that, again like Asilomar, a mixture ofcommon sense and peer pressure will create a world in which scientists aretrusted to regulate themselves, rather than having politicians and civilservants do it for them. The meeting is being held against a backdrop of rapidscientific advance, Since 2012 research into a new, easy-to-use editing tool calledCRISPR-Cas9 has blossomed. This technique involves a piece of RNA (a chemicalmessenger, which can be used to recognise a target section of DNA) and anenzyme (酶)called a nuclease that can snip unwanted genes out and paste new ones in.

Public interest was aroused in April,when Chinese scientists announced they had edited genes in non-viable ( 无活力的) humanembryos, and again in November when British researchers said they hadsuccessfully treated a one-year-old girl who had leukaemia ( 白血病),using gene-edited T-cells. T-cells are part of the immune system that attack,among other things, tumour cells. The researchers altered T-cells from ahealthy donor to encourage them to recognise and kill the patient's cancer, tomake them immune to her leukaemia drug, and to ensure they did not attack herhealthy cells.

In another recent development, a firmcalled Edit as Medicine, which is based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, has saidit hopes, in 2017, to start human clinical trials of CRISPR-Cas9 as a treatmentfor a rare genetic form of blindness known as Leber congenital amaurosis (伯氏先天性黑蒙).Though other companies are already testing gene-editing therapies, these employolder, clunkier forms of the technology that seem likely to have lesscommercial potential. Moreover, researchers at the Broad Institute, also inCambridge, said this week that they had made changes to CRISPR-Cas9 whichgreatly reduce the rate of editing errors — one of the main obstacles to thetechnique's medical use.

On the subject of germ-line editing,Eric Lander, the Broad's head, told the meeting it would be useful only in rarecases and said it might be a good idea to "exercise caution? before makingpermanent changes to the gene pool. The need for caution is advice that mightalso be heeded by those pursuing work in animals other than people, and inplants — subjects not being covered by the summit.

生命活动中，酶是不可缺少的生物催化剂，以下四种酶的作用对象分别是
①肽酶     ②解旋酶     ③纤维素酶     ④ATP水解酶

阅读下面选文，回答问题。
                                                                                                    时间的价值

                                                                                                        艾敏
      ①时间的价值正如金钱的价值，二者的价值在于很好的使用它们。死到临头才会舍得花钱的吝啬鬼，实际上是个穷光蛋，他的钱就好像是一堆伪钞。同样的，谁要是不把时间用在增加自己和他人的幸福上，他的岁月年华也是虚假的。
      ②我们生活在有限的时间内，昼夜相寻，运行有序，各不相犯。生命被划分为各有其名称的阶段：少年、青年、中年、老年。每一阶段都有不适于其他阶段的特殊工作，就像耕种庄稼，如果误了节令，便不能在别的时令播种。
      ③因此，时间是有限的，不能将其缩短或加长。时间的价值在于很好使用它。我们应当爱惜时间，很好地利用它。
      ④从时间获益和爱惜时间的办法只有一个，这就是你在生活中要有一个目标，符合道德要求的目标，而且要把你的时间用在为达到这一目标而进行的奋斗中。
      ⑤首先，人不能没有一个奋斗目标。那个随便抄起一本书便无目的地去读的人，是多么浪费时间啊！那个没有固定目标，从这条街逛到那条街，从这家店铺逛到那家店铺的人，是多么劳累啊！确定目标可以使时间充裕很多，容易让人在生活中步入正途。这个人在遇到什么问题时，他知道如何选择有助于其目标的东西，而不符合的就尽力避开。人们发现，做事最多的人，是时间最宽裕的人。这是因为他们的目标是最明确固定的，他们把工作的方向定于达到既定目标上，而不将时间消耗在瞻前顾后、犹豫不决上。他们不让自己成为环境手中随便摆弄的一个球。恰恰相反，他们要创造环境，根据自己的生活目标，去支配环境。
      ⑥其次，加剧时间浪费的另一个因素是：一个人虽然有某个确定的目标，但他不忠于这个目标，不努力去达到这个目标，不去做符合这个目标的工作。
      ⑦没有目标和对目标不忠，这是两个偷盗时间并把时间的功效抛掉的窃贼。
      ⑧爱惜时间并不是要我们连续不断地工作，不留一点休息时间，而是要我们好好利用休息和空闲时间，以更胜任工作。假如我们把空闲时间用于怠惰、无聊之事，那我们就不会从中获益，也无助于我们的工作。
      ⑨如果我们把空闲时间用于有益的游戏、活动和体育锻炼上，那必定会有益于我们工作，必定会让我们得到能够用来为我们目标服务的力量，这就需要合理的安排和利用时间。