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开卷有学问

曾纪鑫

      提及开卷，人们的第一反应可能就是“开卷有益”。这一成语源于北宋王辟之史料笔记《渑水燕谈录》：“宋太宗日阅《御览》三卷，因事有缺，暇日追补之。尝曰：‘开卷有益，朕不以为劳也。’”

      自此，“开卷有益”一传就是一千多年。传到科技发达、媒体多元、信息密集的今天，其实，只要我们稍加审视，便不难发现，开卷未必全有益。

      那些诲淫诲盗、低级趣味、观点偏颇、知识错误的书，开卷不仅无益，反而有害身心健康。对此，俄国著名哲学家、文学评论家别林斯基说道：“不好的书告诉你错误的概念，使无知者变得更无知。”又说：“阅读一本不适合自己阅读的书，比不阅读还要坏。”可见开卷之时，选择十分重要，既要避开引人误入歧途的坏书，又得挑选适合自己的好书。

      不同的书籍，于不同年龄、不同阅历、不同层次的读者而言，其作用大相径庭。过去一直流行“少不看水浒，老不看三国”之说，仔细想想，还是有一定道理的。_________________________________________________________；而《三国演义》中的争斗较量，多以智慧、权谋、计策取胜，年纪一大，激情减少，阳刚渐失，血性不再，长期浸润其中，年迈之人会变得更加阴柔内敛，对身体、生命产生一定的负面影响。

      于不同年龄阶段的阅读，张潮在《幽梦影》中写道：“少年读书，如隙中窥月；中年读书，如庭中望月；老年读书，如台上玩月。皆以阅历之深浅为所得之深浅耳。”如果错位，青少年看了适合老年人读的书，要么不得要领，要么染上暮气，这种开卷，即便无害，也谈不上多么有益。

      况且不少书籍，良莠不齐，利害参半，这就需要我们具备一定的鉴别能力。这种能力并非天生，而是后天培养而成。应多看那些有定评的名著，或师友推荐的好书。不过呢，即使优秀名著，也要注意摄取的角度。比如《红楼梦》，鲁迅先生便说“单是命意，就因读者的眼光而有种种：经学家看见《易》，道学家看见淫，才子看见缠绵，革命家看见排满，流言家看见宫闱秘事”。我们阅后，也不妨问问自己究竟看见了一些什么。答案自然不一，若与鲁迅先生所说的不同人物看见的那些物事作一比较，便可衡量一个人的精神追求、价值取向以及心理健康程度。

      还有一种书籍，虽然无害，但信息过时、内容芜杂，徒增大脑负担。这样的书偶一涉之，当然无所谓，但看得多了，就会增加大脑负荷，影响工作生活，使自己变得平庸落伍。

      开卷有益，在于理解消化，将外在的知识、学问转化为内在的血肉。如果囫囵吞枣、一知半解，或买椟还珠、盲目吸收，或拘泥其中、运用不当，这种开卷不仅无益，反而产生十分严重的后果乃至恶果。

      开卷不能本末倒置。如果登岸舍筏，为知识而知识，将成为不食人间烟火的“书呆子”。

      开卷不要贪多求全。如果东翻一本西翻一册，东一榔头西一斧头，走马观花，浅尝辄止，就永远是“开卷”，是快餐，是速食，会导致营养不良。

      开卷不能盲目跟风。如果流行什么就读什么，不仅变得平面、平庸、没有个性，肯定也成不了多大“气候”……

      一个人的思想内涵、素质修养、行事风格等，与阅读密切相关。读什么样的书，如何开卷，不仅有学问，且学问甚大，不可不慎！

                                                                                                                                                  （选自《人民日报》2014．2．25）

阅读表达,阅读下面的短文，请根据短文后的要求答题。

    Choosing the right university for you is a big decision with many factors to consider. The institution that you choose will not only be the one that ensures your academic goals, but it will also be where you will live, learn, play sports, socialize and work for several years. Therefore, before you start filling out those university application forms, take a step back and consider the many variables that affect the “fit” of a university to your unique personality and educational goals. Take a look at the following factors, and decide which ones mean the most to you.

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    Once you've identified the factors that are most important to you, you've taken the first steps towards making a successful choice. Make sure you pick a university that will serve your needs throughout your university career.