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同类题1

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维生素B12的是非

方舟子

    ①最近有媒体报道称,某种功能饮料标注维生素B12含量为7.60微克,是成人日适宜摄入量的3倍。有专家在接受媒体采访时表示,“人体过量摄入维生素B12会产生毒副作用:有些人可能有过敏反应,甚至会出现过敏性休克。”

    ②但是根据美国医学科学院的报告,至今未发现过量摄入维生素B12会产生任何不良反应,所以没有设置每日摄入量的上限。例如,在一次临床试验中,试验对象每天口服1000微克维生素B12,长达5年,也未发现有任何不良反应。国内文献偶尔有注射维生素B12制剂导致过敏的报道,但那是注射,不是口服,很可能是由于制剂里的杂质导致的。不太可能有人会对口服一种必需营养素过敏,否则是难以生存的。

    ③因此不用担心维生素B12会摄入过多,该担心的是维生素B12摄入不足。维生素B12在人体内发挥着重要的作用,是红细胞形成、神经功能和DNA合成所必需的。如果缺乏维生素B12,人会感到虚弱、疲惫、没有食欲、便秘、体重减少,严重时患巨幼细胞贫血,大脑和神经系统出现严重的不可逆损伤,导致痴呆。只有动物性食物,例如肉、蛋、奶,才含有维生素B12,植物性食物里是没有的。某些植物性食物,例如螺旋藻,含有类似维生素B12的物质,但是不能被人体利用,被叫做伪维生素B12。食物中的维生素B12都和蛋白质结合在一起,人吃下去后,在胃里由胃酸和蛋白酶将维生素B12和蛋白质分离开,然后,分离的维生素B12与胃壁细胞分泌的一种糖蛋白结合在一起,在回肠末端被吸收进血液里。

    ④从维生素B12在食物中的分布及其吸收过程,可以知道容易缺乏维生素B12的有这么几类人。一类是素食者。他们不吃动物性食物,当然无从摄入维生素B12。所以严格的素食者必然是维生素B12缺乏症患者,素食是不健康的。不过,现在素食者可以通过服用维生素B12制剂,或通过吃添加了维生素B12的食品来补充维生素B12。

    ⑤一类是老人。50岁以上的老人大约有10~30%患有萎缩性胃炎,胃酸分泌不足,没法把食物中的维生素B12与蛋白质分离,也就没法吸收食物中的维生素B12。所以美国医学科学院建议,50岁以上的老人每天通过口服维生素制剂或维生素B12强化食品来补充维生素B12,因为维生素制剂或维生素B12强化食品里的维生素B12是分离的,老人即使患有萎缩性胃炎也可以吸收。也可算是天然的东西未必比人造的东西好的一个例子。

    ⑥年轻人也有可能患维生素B12缺乏症。例如如果患有胃、肠方面的疾病,会影响到对食物中的维生素B12的吸收,也需要通过口服维生素制剂或维生素B12强化食品来补充维生素B12。有的人患有一种叫作恶性贫血的自身免疫疾病,胃壁细胞遭到破坏,不能分泌与维生素B12结合的糖蛋白,也就没法吸收维生素B12,从而导致巨幼细胞贫血和神经系统损伤。这些人即使是口服维生素制剂也没法吸收维生素B12,只能是通过注射维生素B12来补充维生素B12。

    ⑦调查表明,维生素B12缺乏症其实相当普遍,在一般人群中受影响的比例在1.5%到15%之间,许多人为何会患维生素B12缺乏症,原因不明。在这种情况下,补充维生素B12制剂,或用维生素B12强化食品,就显得很重要。以“专家”的身份妖魔化维生素B12强化食品,信口开河夸大维生素B12摄入过量的害处,是很不负责任的。

同类题4

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    Peter, a high school student, was pretty busy with school, and he was on the soccer team. High school was hard, because everyone wanted to have nice clothes, hang out, drive cars, and all these cost money. Peter's father was the sort of guy that believed you had to earn whatever you got, so he wasn't just about to hand over lots of money for Peter to use to have fun. So, he had to get a job.

    During his freshman year summer vacation, his classmate got him a job working on a hay(干草)farm. He threw hay up into wagons as the tractor drove around fields, and then they stacked(剁起)it in the hot barn. It was a hot, low-paying job.

    He once worked a few nights a week at a grocery store. He put things on the shelf. It was a lot of lifting and carrying, and his arms were strong from this and the previous job. It was dull and didn't pay much.

    He took some time off when soccer got serious, but the following summer he tried working at a lumber yard. It was hot outside, but he got a lot of exercise lifting and carrying things like boards and drywall. He also learned a lot about building supplies. It still didn't pay well.

    From there, he spent a year doing some tutoring for a friend of the family, but that was Piecemeal. His first real job came the last year at school, when he fixed registers and worked on computers at a big box store. It was his favorite job yet, but it still didn't pay well.

    What Peter realized with all of these jobs was that he needed a better-paying job! The only way to get that was to get trained or educated He could go to school and get a 2-year degree in an office or technical position. His other choices were going to a 4-year college or joining the army. He wasn't sure what he was going to do yet, but he knew he had to do something. Jobs were a lot of work, money was hard to earn, but he liked staying busy and being able to buy things. Peter wanted the most out of life, and that meant education.