材料  在1377年到1904年间获取进士的人中有42%来自下层社会。这种流动作为一种吸纳机制，增强了社会结构的弹性，并有利于对社会的驾取与整合。有学者把科举制度看作是古代联系社会动力和政治动力的纽带，是维护儒家学说正统地位的有效手段。

    科举制度的废除导致四民社会的解体与封建等级制的消亡，提高了农工商的地位。人们纷纷从“读书做官”的思想中解放出来，开始走向广阔的社会。1910年江苏省旧式士人从事实业者占比30.4%，新学堂毕业生与归国留学生从事实业者更是占比37%。一些士大夫开始办厂经商，如状元出身的孙家鑑、张春等在各地F击续投资办厂。科举制废除后各级各类学堂的大期実兴办，特别是女子教育的出现，扩大了教育对象。此外，新式课堂教学中逐步采用白话文取代文言文，而在教学内容上，传统的儒家经典只占27.1%，而数理化等新知识却占72.9%。这大大便利了近代新式教育的普及。

——杨齐福《科举制度的废除与近代社会的转型》

免疫有____免疫和____免疫，非特异性免疫是人生来就有的，所以又叫____性免疫，特异性免疫是人出生后形成的，所以又叫____性免疫．

    We all know that the British people love their manners. They are part of their national identity (特性), as well as having fish and chips and complaining about the weather. Recently I read online that they said “sorry” up to eight times a day.

    After some research I have not been able to find any specific reasons why they are like this. I suppose, for centuries, manners, including how they behave at table and talk to other people have been one of the differences between the lower and upper classes and those manners show their social classes. Britain has traditionally been a quite conservative (保守的) country. There are many articles suggesting that their seemingly polite attitude of always saying “please” and “thank you” is quite false because it is impossible for a person to always feel that he or she wants to thank someone or say “please”.

    Maybe it is for this reason that people are going one of two ways: they are too polite and hold back their feelings or they are not polite at all and express their true feelings directly. Some British people are tired of pretending that they are always happy and having to please others. But sometimes because they feel they have to be polite, they are prevented from saying what they truly think.