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细菌发电前景广阔

       ①生物学家预言，21世纪将是细菌发电造福人类的时代。

       ②说起细菌发电，可以追溯到1910年。英国植物学家利用铂作为电极放入大肠杆菌的培养液中，成功地制造出了世界上第一个细菌电池。1984年，美国科学家设计出太空飞船使用的细菌电池，其电极的活性物质是宇航员的尿液和活细菌。到了80年代末，细菌发电有了重大突破，英国科学家让细菌在电池组里分解分子，释放电子向阳极运动，从而产生电能。操作时还在糖液中添加某些芳香化合物作为稀释物，来提高生物系统输送电的能力。与此同时，还要往电池里不断充入空气，用以搅拌细菌培养液和氧化物质的混合物。据计算，利用这种细菌电池发电，其效率可达40%，远远高于现在使用的电池的效率。即使这样，还有10%的潜力可挖掘。

       ③利用细菌发电原理，可以建立较大规模的细菌发电站。计算表明，一个功率为1000千瓦的细菌发电站，仅需要10立方米体积的细菌培养液，每小时消耗200千克糖即可维持其运转发电。这是一种不会污染环境的“绿色”电站，而且技术发展后，完全可以用诸如锯末、秸杆、落叶等废有机物的水解物来代替糖液。因此细菌发电的前景十分诱人。

       ④现在，每个发达国家各显神通，在细菌发电研究方面取得了新的进展。美国设计出一种综合细菌电池，里面的单细胞藻类可以利用太阳光将二氧化碳和水转化为糖，然后再让细菌利用这些糖来发电。日本科学家同时将两种细菌放入电池的特种糖液中，让其中的一种细菌吞食糖浆产生醋酸和有机酸，而让另一种细菌将这些酸类转化成氢气，由氢气进入磷酸燃料电池发电。

       ⑤人们还惊奇地发现，细菌还具有捕捉太阳能并把它直接转化成电能的特异功能。最近美国科学家在死海和大盐湖里找到一种嗜盐杆菌，它们含有一种紫色素，在把所接受的大约10%的阳光转化成化学物质时，即可产生电荷。科学家们利用它们制造出一个小型实验性太阳能细菌电池，结果证明是可以用嗜盐杆菌来发电的，而盐代替糖，其成本就大大降低了。由此可见，让细菌为人类供电已经不再遥远，不久的将来即可成为现实。

 请回答下列化学与人类生活相关的问题：

（1）人们的生活离不开金属，若铁制品已锈蚀，应及时除去，请写出用稀盐酸除去铁锈的化学方程式：____ ；

（2）人们的生活离不开燃烧，可燃物燃烧除需要氧气外，还需要满足的条件是____；煤块粉碎后，在空气中燃烧得更快、更充分，这是因为____．

    Do you and your friends ever talk about your dreams with each other? If you do, you might have noticed something interesting – some of your friends seldom remember their dreams, but some can always describe their dreams so clearly that it seems like they're describing things that really happened to them. What makes those people different?

    The answer is simple. There are two different types of dreamers – low dream recallers（回忆者）and high dream recallers.

    Low dream recallers usually remember their dreams only twice a month. But high dream recallers are able to remember them about five mornings a week. And a new study suggests that activity in a certain part of the brain could have something to do with it, reported The Huffington Post.

    Perrine Ruby, a French researcher at the Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, studied 41 people (21 high dream recallers and 20 low dream recallers) and recorded their brain activity.

    She found that a part of the brain called the temporo-parietal junction (颞顶联合区) was more active in high dream recallers than in low dream recallers – both when they were sleeping and awake.

    This brain area collects and processes（编程）information from the outside world. This means that high dream recallers know more about what's happening around them. For example, when they are awake, they respond (对……有反应) more strongly to hearing their own names, and when they are sleeping, they are woken more easily by sounds and movements.

    By closely studying people's brain activities, Ruby found that high dream recallers have twice as much “wakefulness time” during sleep as low dream recallers do. And it is during these short times of wakefulness that the brain remembers dreams.

    “The sleeping brain is not able to remember new information,” Ruby told The Washington Post. “It needs to wake up to be able to do that.”

    This is not hard to understand. Just try to think of your own sleeping experiences. If you are worried during the night, you are more likely to remember your dreams, but if you sleep well, you will remember little in the morning, and this is because “you never get a chance to remember”, Robert Stickgold, a Harvard Medical School researcher, told The Washington Post.