英、法、美三国通过资产阶级革命确立了资本主又制度，走上了资本主义道路。阅读材料，完成有关问题。

材料一  凡未经议会同意，以国王权威停止法律或停止法律实施僭越权力，为非法权力。国王不得征收和支配税收，不得在和平时期征集和维持常备军。议会选举应当是自由的。

材料二  人生来是而且始终是自由的，在权利方面是平等的：自由、财产、安全和反抗压迫是天赋而不可剥夺的人权，国家主权属于人民，在法律面前人人平等。

材料三  ……1787年9月17日，美国第一部成文宪法最终形成。联邦宪法的制定和实施，使一个真正意义上的美国诞生了。

——《大国崛起》之“新国新梦（美国）”解说词

经过一个学期的学习，同学们学习到了一些研究和解决物理问题的科学思想方法（如转换法等），请写出两种你知道的科学思想方法，并分别指出是在探究哪个物理问题时用到了该方法．

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     Do you live in a city? Do you know how cities began? Long long ago, the world had only a few thousand people. These people moved from one place to another. They moved over the land, hunting animals for food. No one knows how or when these people learned about growing food. But when they did, their lives changed. They did not have to move houses any more. They could stay in one place and grow it. People began to live near each other, so the first village grew. Many people came to work in the villages, and these villages became larger and larger. Then people had machines, life in the villages changed again. People built factories. More and more people lived near the factories. So the villages grew into cities. Some of them grew very big. Today, it’s strange that some people are moving back to small villages. Can you tell me why ?

2011年5月16日，临沂市沂南县（诸葛亮故里）举办了第四届诸葛亮文化节。在文化节上，人们再次吟诵起诸葛亮《诫子书》中的名句——非淡泊无以明志，非宁静无以致远。请你把这一名句抄写在田字格内。相信你一定能写的正确、规范、美观。