材料一：“第一条，第一项，本宪法所授立法权，均属于由参议院与众议院组成之国会。

……第七项，凡通过众议院及参议院之法案，应于成为法律前呈于合众国大总统。大总统如批准该项法案，即应签署之，否则退还之。……

第二条，第一项，行政权属于美利坚合众国大总统，大总统任期为四年。……

第三条，第一项，合众国之司法权，属于最高法院及其国会随时制定与设立之低级法院。最高法院与低级法院之法官非玩忽职守，得终身任职。……”

——引自1787年《美利坚合众国宪法》

材料二：“中华民国之主权，属于国民全体……。中华民国人民一律平等，无种族、阶级、宗教之区别。……人民有人身、居住、财产、言论、出版、集会、结社、通讯、信仰等自由；……参议院对于临时大总统，认为有谋叛行为时，得以总员四分之三以上出席，出席员三分之二以上之可决弹劾之。……”

——引自《中华民国临时约法》

材料三：苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟为工农社会主义国家。苏联之经济基础为社会主义经济体系及社会主义生产工具与生产资料所有制。苏联社会主义所有制表现为两种形式：国家财产（全民财产）；合作化集体农庄财产（各集体农庄财产、各合作社财产）。

──《1936年苏联宪法》

材料四：“第一条，中华人民共和国是工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主国家。……第三条，中华人民共和国是统—的多民族的国家。各民族一律平等。……第五条，中华人民共和国的生产资料所有制现在主要有下列各种：国家所有制，即全民所有制；合作杜所有制，即劳动群众集体所有制；个体劳动者所有制；资本家所有制。第六条，国营经济是全民所有制的社会主义经济，是国民经济的领导力量和国家实现社会主义改造的物质基础，国家保证优先发展国营经济。

——1954年《中华人民共和国宪法》

回答下列问题：

C

    This year's winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine is from Japan. According to his research, cells (细胞) sometimes "eat" themselves to keep healthy. In other words, cells can break down old ones and use the useful parts to make new cells, or to fight off viruses (病毒). This new finding could help scientists fight many diseases.

Small machines

    Three scientists from France, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands (荷兰) won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work on small machines. How small? Well, they are a thousand times thinner than a strand (缕) of hair. We can't see them with only our eyes! This technology will open a whole new world for us. For example, we could make very small robots in the future. A doctor could put them into our body. Like policemen, the robots look for the ill parts in our body, and send the medicine right there.

Super-state

As teachers said in your physics class, most things in the world are in three states: solids (固体), liquids (液体) and gases . But at very low or high temperatures, things can turn into a strange state. For example, break down things to their smallest pieces and we get "atoms" (原子). Like Lego building blocks, atoms usually add up to become a 3-D thing, like a box. But atoms in the strange state don't. They stay together and become a flat thing, like a piece of paper.

    This is a new finding of three British-born scientists. And they won the Nobel Prize in Physics this year. They hope to use things in this strange state to make new materials.

About the Prize

    The Nobel Prize was started by Swedish inventor, Alfred Nobel in 1895. It gives prizes to great science research and the people behind it. Every year in October, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences decides who wins. It includes six prizes: chemistry, physics, physiology (生理学) or medicine, peace, literature (文学) and economic. This year each winner gets a medal and prize money of more than 6 million yuan.

根据短文内容，选择最佳选项。

美国《独立宣言》和法国《人权宣言》这两大文献产生的共同历史背景是(    )
①资本主义的发展　②反对专制王朝的统治　③启蒙思想的传播　④英勇抗击外国殖民军