当今世界面临____ 、____ 、____ 等问题，人类赖以生存的环境日益恶化；人类的一些重大疾病也威胁着人类的健康，这些问题的解决都离不开____ 的发展．

现有一黑体粉红眼（eerr）果蝇与纯合野生型（显性）果蝇杂交，再让F₁雄性个体进行测交，F₂表现型如下表（未列出的性状表现与野生型的性状表现相同）．

（1）果蝇的体色与眼色的遗传符合孟德尔的____ 定律．若让F₁雌性个体进行测交，子代性状及分离比____ （会/不会）发生改变．

（2）任取两只雌、雄果蝇杂交，如果子代中灰体（E）粉红眼个体的比例是$\frac{3}{8}$，则这两只果蝇基因型是____ ．让F₂自由交配，求F₃中灰粉红眼的比例____  ．

（3）图甲和乙分别表示某果蝇体细胞中发生的基因表达过程．（UAA，UAG，UGA为终止密码子）

①该果蝇不同细胞的DNA进行过程甲所示过程时，启用的起始点____  （填“都相同”“都不同”或“不完全相同”），其原因是____ 

②某一基因发生突变，使乙中的mRNA链上箭头所指的UCG变为UAG，从基因表达水平角度解释，性状发生改变的原因是____ 

③甲所示过程发生的主要场所是____  ．请在图乙中用箭头标出翻译的方向（左到右、右到左）____ 

    A poor farmer had a friend who was famous for the wonderful apples he grew.

    One day, his friend gave the farmer a young apple tree and told him to take it home and plant it. The farmer was pleased with the gift, but when he got home, he did not know where lo plant it.

    He was afraid that if he planted the tree near the road, strangers would steal the fruit. If he planted the tree in one of his fields, his neighbors would come al night and steal some of the apples. If he planted the tree near his house, his children would take the fruit.

    Finally he planted the tree in his woods (树林) where no one could see it. But without sunlight and good soil, the tree soon died.

    Later the friend asked the farmer why he had planted the tree in such a poor place. "What's the difference?” the farmer said angrily. "If I had planted the tree near the road, strangers would have stolen the fruit. If I had planted the tree in one of my fields, my neighbors would have come at night and stolen some of the apples. If I had planted it near my house, my own children would have taken the fruit.”

    "Yes," said the friend, "but at least someone could have enjoyed the fruit. Now you not only have robbed (抢夺) everyone of the fruit, but also you have destroyed (摧毁) a good apple tree!"

阅读下列材料，回答问题。

材料一：董存瑞1945年8月参加八路军。参军后，苦练杀敌本领。在战斗中，奋不顾身，英勇杀敌，先后荣立3次大功、4次小功，荣获3枚“勇敢奖章”，1枚“***奖章”。1948年5月26日，在解放热河隆化（今属河北）的战斗中，担任爆破组长，率领全班战士先后炸掉敌人8个碉堡。为扫除桥型暗堡这一障碍，在战友们的掩护下，他抱着炸药包冲到桥底，但无法安放。在这紧要关头，他毅然托起炸药包顶在桥身上，拉燃导火索，高喊：“同志们！为了新中国，冲啊！”敌人暗堡被炸毁，他壮烈牺牲。21教育网

材料二：淮海战役人民支前统计表。

材料三：周恩来1949年5月在一篇文章中说：在座的朋友们……决不要把***看成一个偶然的、天生的、神秘的、无法学习的领袖。……大革命时期毛主席的主张是对的，但是没有被当时的领导接受。十年内战时期他是对的，当时也有一些同志搞错了，没有完全同意他的意见。抗战时期，全党承认***同志的领导，抗战成功了。到这次解放战争，更加证明其正确。