题干

阅读材料,回答问题。

材料  有的学者把明末反封建礼教称之为“启蒙思想”或“启蒙主义”;泰州学派的支系,主张“唯情主义”的大戏曲家汤显祖也被认为是“深具启蒙思想的人”。这就容易使人们错误地以为16世纪明末的反封建礼教、主张个性解放的运动类似于发生在欧洲18世纪的“启蒙运动”。……我认为,上述两种运动不仅在表现形式、而且在实质内容上都有不同,18世纪欧洲的“启蒙运动”是以“唤起”理性为特征,而16世纪明末的反封建礼教的运动是以唤起人们的情感释放为特征。前者的结果是:自然科学重大的突破、社会科学基础的建立和资本主义民主制国家的建立。后者的结果是:虽有少数思想家仍然坚持反对封建专制礼教,但在清军入关后封建专制礼教的强化和对批判礼教的文人学士无情的镇压,使反对封建专制的礼教浪潮被打断了。

──北大教授汤一介《启蒙在中国的艰难历程》

评价材料中汤一介教授关于明末反对封建礼教和18世纪欧洲“启蒙运动”的观点。(要求:围绕材料中的一种或两种观点展开评论;观点明确,史论结合,逻辑严密,表述清楚。)

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答案(点此获取答案解析)

第一种观点:同意材料的观点,明末反封建礼教与欧洲18世纪的启蒙运动表现形式及其结果都不同。

理由:西方的启蒙思想是在资本主义经济得到发展的前提下,在自然科学重大突破的情况下,以科学的理性来唤醒人性的理性,它推动了资产阶级革命,并为资本主义社会秩序的构建提出了基本原则。而中国明末的反对封建礼教只是少数思想家对封建君主专制制度不满的情感释放,既没有引起社会的共鸣,也没有推动社会的变革,同时也没有对传统和未来做出理性的说明,所以称之为“启蒙思想”或“启蒙主义”是对其作用的夸大。

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    It was three in the afternoon. I was putting my baby to sleep 1the phone rang. It was a little girl asking for the Goldstein family. “ 2 ” I said, “you've got the wrong number.”3 the phone didn't stop ringing. Each time it was the voice of a little girl. She was 4one call after another, each time asking for the Goldstein family. My baby wouldn't stop crying. I started to become 5  I left the phone off the hook(挂钩) for about an hour,6that this would make her lose7. But hardly I put the phone back on the hook when she8again. I started to cry. After about the tenth call I told her that if she called one more time I would call the 9.

    At 6:30 pm, the phone rang for about the 25th time. I picked it up, but remained10  and I could hear the same voice of a girl. What kind of 11would allow her to do this all the afternoon! I12to speak to her mother. To my 13  she called her mother to the phone. I told the mother what her little girl had been doing to me all the 14  The mother assured(保证) me that this was the15phone call her daughter had made that day. “My daughter's teacher gave all the girls in the class the phone number of their new teaching assistant. The entire class of 30 girls was told to call the new assistant to 16 what time their class would be. The teacher must have given them the wrong number by mistake!”

    Until about 9:00 pm, the phone 17rang from time to time. Each time, it was a little girl wanting to know what time the class was! Some girls, even after hearing they had the wrong 18  would anyway ask if I knew the time! I would just19  It had turned into a joke now! I would never have thought that an entire 20 of girls, all with the same voice, was calling me!