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元青花之谜

    ①在青花瓷的家族里,元青花的名字一听就    ①    。然而,元代青花瓷从诞生之日起,就给后世留下了众多的谜团。

    ②第一个谜就是它的纹饰为什么是蓝色的。蒙古人尚白尚蓝,是受波斯文化的影响。蒙古当时跟西域的关系十分密切。在13世纪初,由于成吉思汗    ②    ,他和他的继承者多次征服了西亚、中亚,打通了中西文化交流的通道。大批阿拉伯人、波斯人和突厥人涌入中国,他们带来了西域的文化。

    ③第二个谜就是它的发展没有初创期,没有萌芽期,它是突然成熟的。过去任何一个瓷窑,其发展脉络都能看得清清楚楚。元青花则不然,你看见的时候,它就不是襁褓中的婴儿,而是亭亭玉立的大姑娘了。这有多种解释,其中一种说法是元代以后大量北方工匠南迁,他们绘画能力都比较强,他们来到南方的景德镇驻扎下来,在景德镇漂亮的瓷胎上重新开始作画,就跟一个画家到另外一个地方画画似的,只不过是换了纸,换了颜料而已,技艺上没有什么区别。元青花的这种突然成熟,从学术角度讲,至今还有很多问题尚待研究。

    ④              。元青花跟其他瓷器的题材表现不一样,它的题材尤其多,受汉文化的影响很大。元青花早期的题材大都是花卉、鸟兽、龙凤,后期才出现了人物题材。后期画人物的第一个原因是元曲和小说的熏陶,使之注意了展现情节。第二个原因是在元朝后期,朱元璋未拿下江山之前,曾长时间驻扎在景德镇。他对景德镇的瓷器生产应该有过影响,由于他对战争故事的关注,以人物为纹饰题材的作品开始逐渐增多。

    ⑤              ,如大盘、大罐、大瓶。土耳其的托布卡比宫里有元青花大件瓷器几十件,都是中国当时出口的。元青花大器特别多有一个原因,就是跟蒙古人的性格有关。蒙古人性格粗犷,_______。比如江西高安出土的元青花当中有一个“把杯”,所谓“把杯”,就是高足杯下面的足可以用手攥着。为什么做成这样的呢?因为元人是马上民族,他骑在马上,一只手腾出来就可以攥住这个杯子。“欲饮琵琶马上催”就是这个感觉。

    ⑥元青花自其诞生之日起,就迅速繁荣起来。后来的明清两代,瓷器都以青花为主。元青花是汉族文化、西域波斯文化、蒙古文化的结晶。正是因为其产生的特殊历史背景和蕴藏的民族文化内涵,千百年来,它以________的光泽闪烁在历史的记忆中。

(根据中央电视台《百家讲坛》相关内容整理)

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     A farmer had a brother in town who was a gardener, and his brother had a garden full of the finest fruit trees. So his skill and his beautiful trees were famous everywhere. One day the farmer went into the town to visit his brother, and was surprised at the trees that grew quite well.

      "Look, my brother," said the gardener. "I will give you an apple tree, the best from my garden, and you, and your children, and your children's children will enjoy it."

       Then the gardener called his workmen and ordered them to take up the tree and carry it to his brother's farm. They did so, and the next morning the farmer began to wonder where he should plant it.

"If I plant it on the hill," he said to himself, "the wind might catch it and shake down the delicious fruit before it is ripe. If I plant it close to the road, passersby will see it and take away the apples--but if I plant it too near the door of my house, my children may pick the fruit." So, after he had thought the matter over, he planted the tree behind his barn (谷仓).

      Time passed, but the tree had no fruit the first year, nor the second-then the farmer called his brother. When the gardener came, the farmer said angrily, "You have cheated me, and given me a useless tree instead of a fruitful one. This is the third year and still it brings out nothing but leaves! "

      The gardener laughed and said, "See where the tree was planted, it has no sun or warmth. How could you expect flowers and fruit?"