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对孔子仁学的重新解读

    孔子的仁学思想始于亲,却非终于亲,这也是儒家的仁爱观念能够成为最普遍的道德原则的关键所在。孔子主张将仁爱由亲亲之情逐步向外扩展,惠及整个人类——“泛爱众而亲仁”(《学而》);尔后再进一步将对人类的道德关怀推及到自然万物——“知者乐水,仁者乐山”(《雍也》)。

    为了不使“仁民”“爱物”的思想流于空疏,孔子提出了“畏天命”(《季氏》)的观念。在孔子那里,“天命”主要被理解为一种异己的客观必然性。这种必然性是人的力量所不能抗拒的。从某种意义上说,“畏天命”,是孔子在为人的意志自由划界。在孔子看来,要使天、人关系处于和谐顺应的状态,只有唤起人们对“天命”的敬畏之情,才不至于在“天”或“天命”面前,变得胆大包天、肆意妄为,否则将“获罪于天,无所祷也”(《八佾》)。当然,我们也不否认“畏天命”观念中蕴涵着某些宿命论的因子。

    孔子认为,君子之所以“畏天命”,是因为君子“知天命”,而“小人不知天命而不畏也”(《季氏》)。而“知天命”并非是指对天命有着清晰、透彻的理解或预测,而是意味着只有知晓了何谓“天命”,即觉解到人的自由的界限,才能“不怨天、不尤人”,“从心所欲不逾矩”。孔子不仅感知到“天命”的存在及其对人事的作用,而且还意识到这种存在和作用具有一定的神秘性,难以被人真正知晓。既然天命难知,也就自然要“畏天命”了。这是一种十分明智的态度,正是这种态度使得孔子在大自然面前具有虚怀若谷的圣人气象。

    必须指出,孔子对“天命”神秘性的认知、敬畏,并没有将其引向神秘主义。孔子从不为神秘性所囿,而是超乎寻常的理智。知“天命”之难知,并不等于天命不可知,或者放弃对天命的追问。孔子终身都致力于学习,并且还辩证地意识到“学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆”(《为政》)。“学”与“思”的目的之一就是力争达到对“天命”的“知”。孔子从未因为“畏天命”而把人引向对“天命”的单向的依赖或畏惧,他更多的是在对“天命”的反省、审视、考问的过程中,更大程度地肯定了人在“究天人之际”中的那份主动。然而,孔子也深切感悟到:人的有限的生命难以揭示无限的天命。

    这种推人及物的情怀,对导引今人走出“人类中心论”和“自然中心论”的怪圈,具有启迪意义:在处理人与自然的关系时,既不能只强调人类利益而忽视对自然环境的保护;也不能只注重自然保护,而完全置人类利益于不顾。人类利益与自然环境的关系必须兼顾,但这种兼顾,又是有“重点”和“差等”的。只有这样的生态观,才不至于使人类在处理人与自然的关系时,陷入尴尬的“二难”境地。

(选自《光明日报》,有删节)

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根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

    Taking a math test can be pretty stressful. Even if you know the material, you can still get the problem wrong. ____ Therefore you'll improve your grades, as well as your math skills.

    Write it out

    You can also check a math problem by writing everything out on paper. ____ Writing out math problems reduces your chances of missing anything to the lowest possible level, which is a common cause of incorrect answers.

    ____

    Make sure your answers work by doing the opposite procedure of what your problem calls for, including the answer you got the first time around. In other words, you would use the opposite of this addition problem—subtraction (减法)—to determine whether your answer is the correct one.

    Plug in(代入)

    You may find that a variable isn't good enough or have a problem where you have to solve for a variable (变量). ____ This is the only real way to assure yourself that the answer you've found is correct.

    ____

    If the result of a problem seems to make no sense, it indicates that the answer is incorrect. For example, if you get an answer in the millions and you know it should be in the thousands, you've likely misplaced a point. Go back through the work on your paper to make sure all of your formulas and calculations are correct. If everything looks okay, do the problem again and compare the result of the second try to what you've got on the first try.

A. Do the opposite.

B. Correct the answers.

C. Plug the variable in the equation (方程) to check it out.

D. Knowing how to go through your math test and checking your work can save you from handing in a test full of mistakes.

E. It also helps you to figure out everything after you have already finished the test.

F. Check for a reasonable answer

G. This helps you to know what information you have and what information you need to solve.