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泠泠风雨声

胡竹峰

       平日偶得闲情，我会看看碑帖里笔墨的旧影心迹，古琴素手纸窗瓦屋灯火青荧天与地合，意与神会，情通自然。意与神兮如痴如醉，情通自然兮惠风和畅。

       春雨绵绵，阴寒不散，夜里悠悠忽忽读了些旧人诗词。元人柳贯《题宋徽宗扇面诗》云：“扇影已随鸾影去，轻纨留得瘦金书。”瘦金书我很熟，想起小时候玩过一枚“大观通宝”铜钞，钱文正是赵佶手笔。21教育名师原创作品

       赵佶的帖读过不少，《千字文》《牡丹诗》。瘦金体的线条仿佛金戈银丝，有一年把玩《秾芳诗帖》，看久了，越发觉得线条薄利，笔锋可以削水果，手不敢触。我看瘦金体，老想到春秋时候的尖首刀币。

       《秾芳诗帖》，大字楷书长卷，每行二字，共二十行，清人陈邦彦曾题跋道：“此卷以画法作书，脱去笔墨畦径，行间如幽兰丛竹，泠泠作风雨声。”

       纤细，青郁，劲挺，有力，瘦金体之味差不多就是这样。不要说书法，宋人文章也涓涓始流一派文气，不像唐朝欣欣向荣、郁郁勃发。唐人写时间流逝无可奈何，“念天地之悠悠，独怆然而涕下”，宋人却是“夕阳西下几时回？无可奈何花落去”。唐朝人慷慨，宋朝人感慨。慨慷常常是壮士，感慨往往为道家，宋徽宗恰恰是道君皇帝。

       中国艺术，道家的痕迹处处可见，阴阳为骨，无为是表。前些时日读《易经》，象曰：“风行水上，涣。”大意是水上见风，涟漪泛起，散而不乱，涣然而和，成自然之象。宋人书法，受老庄道家影响，大抵虚静，瘦金体是异数。每见瘦金体，像在冬天的梅园游玩，老树新花，四周一望，虚室生白，全是一片吉祥。

       有回在朋友画室玩，他运转提顿写瘦金体给我看。想起当年的赵佶，一笔一画运转提顿在汴京皇城里自得其乐。瘦金体的精气神是入世的，也是出世的，更多还是入世的。我读赵佶书法，读出自得其乐——天下与我何干？且写字画画去，差不多是那样的字外音，

       赵佶的字有弹性，有韧性，有精神，像钢丝。书画家白蕉说：“瘦金体的线条，未必输给颜真卿的线条。”瘦金体是文人字，并非帝王字。到底什么是帝王字，我也说不清；到底什么是文人字，我更说不清。我只能说自得其乐是文人字，旁若无人是帝王字。王羲之、颜真卿、苏东坡、米芾、赵佶、董其昌的手迹一片自得其乐或者洋洋得意，唐太宗、唐玄宗、康熙、乾隆的手迹旁若无人或者居高临下。字从心出，心惜字形，有人仰天大笑出门去，有人战战兢兢进屋来，有人桀骜不驯，有人规规矩矩，有人放肆泼辣，有人内敛斯文……

       赵佶好诗，好画，好歌舞，好花岗岩，好李师师，好鲜衣骏马，好美食华灯，好梨园鼓吹，好古董花鸟，本是纨绔儿，可怜帝王身，糟蹋了一身才华。

       瘦金体，又名瘦筋体。瘦金体三字有风雅气，瘦筋体三字有稼穑味。瘦筋，筋瘦，夏天，从水塘里挑水浇园的农夫筋瘦筋瘦。叶圣陶先生有文章说:“每当新秋的早晨，门前经过许多的乡人：男的紫赤的臂膊和小腿肌肉突起，躯干高大且挺直，使人起康健的感觉。”每见瘦金体，总想起紫赤的臂膊和肌肉突起的小腿。

       书法的奇妙在于，每个字的点画构成以及字与字之间的连绵动感产生出的墨迹之美，我对书法的兴趣，严格说来是对墨迹的沉迷。

       宣纸上，中国文化轻流徐淌。

       墨迹间，前人气息屡屡不绝。

（节选自2015年4月《人民文学》有删改）

    There might be as many as 10 million species of complex life on this planet today —— a huge number. But add up all of the complex species that ever lived and some biologists think the grand total would be about five billion. The estimate leads to an astonishing conclusion: a staggering 99% of species are not around any more. They have been driven to extinction.

    More species are joining the ranks of the extinct every year. Many scientists believe we are living through an episode of remarkably rapid extinction, on a scale that has been seen only five times in the last half a billion years.

    They call this current episode the sixth mass extinction —— a large, global decline in a wide variety of species over a relatively short period of time. And they tend to agree that humans are the main cause.

    Over-hunting, overfishing, and human-driven habitat loss are pushing many species to the brink. In fact, we have changed the planet so much that some geologists are now suggesting that we have entered a new phase in Earth's history; an epoch they call the ＂Anthropocene＂. By 2100, it is expected that humans will have caused the extinction of up to half of the world's current species.

    Because we are living through this extinction, it is relatively easy for us to study the driving forces behind it. But how do we determine what caused other mass die-offs that happened long ago? To do so we have to look at what archaeologists, palaeontologists, geologists and other scientists have concluded from the evidence they have gathered.

    The trouble is, those scientists do not always agree with one another —— even about the most recent extinction event. As well as the five-or six- mass extinctions, there have also been many smaller extinctions.

    One of these mini extinction events happened towards the end of the Pleistocene, a few tens of thousands of years ago. It is sometimes called the ＂megafaunal＂ extinction because many of the species it claimed were particularly large animals, weighing more than 97lb (44kg). However, its cause remains a debate amongst scientists.

用一根与毛皮摩擦过的橡胶棒靠近一个轻质小球，发现两者相互吸引，则关于小球是否带电及带电种类，以下说法正确的是（  ）