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    Disposing(处理) of waste has been a problem since humans started producing it. As more and more people choose to live close together in cities, the waste-disposal problem becomes increasingly difficult.

    During the eighteenth century, it was usual for several neighboring towns to get together to select a faraway spot as a dumpsite. Residents or trash haulers(垃圾托运者) would transport household rubbish, rotted wood, and old possessions to the site. Periodically(定期的) some of the trash was burned and the rest was buried. The unpleasant sights and smells caused no problem because nobody lived close by.

    Factories, mills, and other industrial sites also had waste to be disposed of. Those located on rivers often just dumped the unwanted remains into the water. Others built huge burners with chimneys to deal with the problem.

    Several facts make these choices unacceptable to modern society. The first problem is space. Dumps, which are now called landfills, are most needed in heavily populated areas. Such areas rarely have empty land suitable for this purpose. Property is either too expensive or too close to residential(住宅区的)neighborhoods. Long-distance trash hauling has been a common practice, but once farm areas are refusing to accept rubbish from elsewhere, cheap land within trucking distance of major city areas is almost nonexistent.

    Awareness of pollution dangers has resulted in more strict rules of waste disposal. Pollution of rivers, ground water, land and air is a price people can no longer pay to get rid of waste. The amount of waste, however, continues to grow.

    Recycling efforts have become commonplace, and many towns require their people to take part. Even the most efficient recycling programs, however, can hope to deal with only about 50 percent of a city's reusable waste.

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阅读《阳关雪》,完成下面小题

    ①我在望不到边际的坟堆中茫然前行,心中浮现出艾略特的《荒原》。这里正是中华历史的荒原:如雨的马蹄,如雷的呐喊,如注的热血;中原慈母的白发,江南春闺的遥望,湖湘稚儿的夜哭;故乡柳荫下的诀别,将军圆睁的怒目,猎猎于朔风中的军旗——随着一阵烟尘,又一阵烟尘,都飘散远去。我相信,死者临亡时都是面向朔北敌阵的;我相信,他们又很想在最后一刻回过头来,给熟悉的土地投注一个目光。于是,他们扭曲地倒下了,化作沙堆一座。

    ②远处已有树影。急步赶去,树下有水流,沙地也有了高低坡斜。登上一个坡,猛一抬头,看见不远的山峰上有荒落的土墩一座,我凭直觉确信,这便是阳关了。

    ③这是一个俯瞰四野的制高点。西北风浩荡万里,直扑而来。踉跄几步,方才站住。脚是站住了,却分明听到自己牙齿打战的声音,鼻子一定是立即冻红了的。呵一口热气到手掌,捂住双耳用力蹦跳几下,才定下心来睁眼。这儿的雪没有化,当然不会化。所谓古址,已经没有什么故迹,只有近处的烽火台还在,这就是刚才在下面看到的土墩。土墩已坍了大半,可以看见一层层泥沙,一层层苇草,苇草飘扬出来,在千年之后的寒风中抖动,眼下是西北的群山,都积着雪,层层叠叠,直伸天际。任何站立在这儿的人,都会感觉到自己是站在大海边的礁石上,那些山,全是冰海冻浪。

    ④王维实在是温厚到了极点。对于这么一个阳关,他的笔底仍然不露凌厉惊骇之色,而只是缠绵淡雅地写道:“劝君更尽一杯酒,西出阳关无故人。”他瞟了一眼渭城客舍窗外青青的柳色,看了看友人已打点好的行囊,微笑着举起了酒壶。再来一杯吧,阳关之外,就找不到可以这样对饮畅谈的老朋友了。这杯酒,友人一定是毫不推却,一饮而尽的。

    ⑤这便是唐人风范。他们多半不会洒泪悲叹,执袂劝阻。他们的目光放得很远,他们的人生道路铺展得很广。告别是经常的,步履是放达的。这种风范,在李白、高适、岑参那里,焕发得越加豪迈。在南北各地的古代造像中,唐人造像一看便可识认,形体那么健美,目光那么平静,神采那么自信。而唐代,却没有把它的属于艺术家的自信延续久远。阳关的风雪,竟越见凄迷。

    ……

    ⑥这儿应该有几声胡笳和羌笛的,音色极美,与自然浑和,夺人心魄。可惜它们后来都成了兵士们心头的哀音。既然一个民族都不忍听闻,它们也就消失在朔风之中。

    ⑦回去罢,时间已经不早。怕还要下雪。