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丰图义仓

      ①清光绪八年(1882年)由东阁大学士闫敬铭倡议修建的民办粮仓,历时四年竣工。“丰图义仓”意为“丰年储粮,荒年赈灾,储粮备荒,防患于未然”,被御封为“天下第一仓”。

      ②丰图义仓在       、布局、构建方面,展现了中华民族与自然抗争的忧患意识和高超的建筑技能。

      ③丰图义仓建在朝邑镇(今大荔县朝邑镇)黄河西岸南寨子老崖顶上。义仓坐东面西,东、南、西三面系悬崖绝壁。所在的朝邑县地处黄河洛河渭河三角洲。黄洛渭三角洲面积广阔,地势平坦,土地肥沃,自古为丰腴之地,可为仓储提供丰富的粮食资源。

      ④丰图义仓依山就势,雄伟壮观,似一座军防城堡,高出地面30多米,地势险要。仓基土层干燥,通风光照条件好,有利于粮食储存。丰图义仓分为内城和外城。【A】外城夯土筑城,三面绝壁,是义仓的第一道防线。【B】西城门顶及城角的角堡、西城墙外的护城水沟,均具有防御功能。【C】内城为城中城,坐北向南,东西长133米,南北宽83米,是仓城合一的 构筑形式,兼具防御和仓储双重功能。内城城墙环绕一周,东西两侧各开一门,分别为东仓门和西仓门。城墙内为仓洞,仓洞依墙而建,小而独立,相隔排列,共58洞。仓洞间有砖瓦结构的廊檐,相互贯通,形成环形回廊,具有防雨、防潮以及临时储粮的功能。内城的中心是晾晒粮食的空地,空地边有一眼水井,供人畜饮水,方便至极。

      ⑤仓洞为砖窑式,对粮仓的防火、防盗、防入侵等都有独特作用。每仓进深11 米、宽4米、储粮90余吨。由松木板铺成的仓洞地面,离地下40厘米。木板下为通风道,四周有四个排气孔,利于空气流通,排出潮气,保持仓体干燥。这种小而独立的仓洞,可将粮食按种类、分干湿分别储存保管。仓洞采取散粮储存的方式,洞门为插板式,随着洞内粮食的增高插板随着加高,顶端几个插板可以依据洞外天气打开,排出洞内湿气,保持仓内干燥。仓洞上面的地面由青砖铺成,四周高中间低,巧妙地将雨水汇集于中间,由分段水槽排向院内,院内地面同样是四周高中间低,雨水汇聚地沟,可以很快集中排 出墙外。由东小门砖砌水道排向崖下。仓顶、院内地面排水通畅,雨停即干。仓墙、仓顶均为厚实的砖体,使仓洞具有“冬暖夏凉”的特点,一年四季处于十七、八度的恒温状态,这种恒温状态符合粮食的低温、低湿、低氧的“三低”仓储要求。

      ⑥光绪二十六年和民国十八年关中遭遇大旱,丰图义仓开仓放粮,救人无数,阎敬铭也因此被百姓尊称为“救时宰相”。如今的丰图义仓作为国家粮仓朝邑粮站,仍发挥着储粮功能,它在中国乃至世界的储食史上堪称一绝。

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阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项 (A 、B 、C  和 D )中,选出最佳选项。

    In an ideal world, people would not test medicines on animals. Such experiments are stressful and sometimes painful for animals, and expensive and time-consuming for people. Yet animal experimentation is still needed to help bridge vast gaps in medical knowledge. That is why there are some 50 to 100 million animals used in research around the world each year.

    Europe, on the whole, has the world's most restrictive (严格的) laws on animal experiments. Even so,its scientists use some 12 million animals a year, most of them mice and rats, for medical research. Official statistics show that just 1.1 million animals are used in research in America each year. But that is misleading. The American authorities do not think mice and rats are worth counting and, as these are the most common laboratory animals, the true figure is much higher. Japan and China have even less comprehensive (全面的) data than America.

    Now Europe is reforming the rules governing animal experiments by restricting the number of animals used in labs. Alternatives to animal testing,such as using human tissue or computer models, are now strongly recommended. In addition, sharing all research results freely should help to reduce the number of animals for scientific use. At present, scientists often share only the results of successful experiments. If their findings do not fit the hypothesis (假设) being tested, the work never sees the light of day. This practice means wasting time, money, and animals' lives in endlessly repeating the failed experiments.

    Animal experimentation has taught humanity a great deal and saved countless lives. It needs to continue,even if that means animals sometimes suffer. Europe's new measures should eventually both reduce the number of animals used in experiments and improve the way in which scientific research is conducted.