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                                                                                                卧思:最好的思考方式
        从事脑力劳动的人都有这样的切身体会:白天百思不得其解的问题,到了晚上卧而不眠闭目而思时,往往灵机一动,迎刃而解。美国长岛大学贝格尔博士的研究结果表明,人的思考质量与思考时的身体姿势密切相关。人在平卧时思路最为广阔,推理最为清晰,思维最为活跃,分析能力和综合能力也特别强。因此,卧思是最好的思考方式。
        人的思维可分为3种类型:睁眼思维、梦思维和临界思维(卧思)。它们的工作原理是一致的,即通过人脑中大量神经细胞的纵横相接,形成广泛的信息联系,控制人们的思维、语言、记忆等种种行为,形成每一个人“独一无二”的思考,由此创建了人类社会的文明。但3种思维方式又有着显著的不同。睁眼思维虽然是主要的思维形式,但由于受到诸如声音、光线、气味等多种因素的干扰,往往达不到应有的深度。梦思维正如弗洛伊德所说,它是通往无意识境界的捷径,多呈现随机性,有时还近乎荒唐。而临界思维,即卧思,处在睁眼思维和梦思维的临界状态,游历于现实与理想之间,为敏感而又活跃的思维活动创造了良好的条件,使神秘莫测的人脑真正成了精神之府、智慧之库。
        卧思可以排除外界事物对人脑的综合干扰。脑研究专家指出,人脑每10秒钟可接受1000万个信息,其中400万个来自视觉,500万个来自皮肤,100万个来自听觉、嗅觉和味觉。在万籁俱寂的夜晚,大脑接受信息的渠道变少,精力异常集中,便于挖掘思维的潜力。
        卧思保证了大脑能够获得充足的营养。美国新墨西哥州大学的研究人员发现,大脑需要大量的营养物质,大脑耗氧量占全身供氧量的20%,耗糖量占全身的25%。这两者是维持大脑功能的能量,是进行思维的基本动力。有报告认为,静卧时脑血流量有增加的趋势,这时的大脑血液供应充足,营养充分,精神状态最佳,为思维活动提供了最佳的物质基础。
        卧思也有利于开发潜意识。科学家的研究证实,神经细胞之间的信号传递有两种形式,一是快信息传导,另一种是慢信息传导。前者即所谓的“快突触传递”,特点是快,在1毫秒内完成信息的传递;后者被称之为“慢突触传递”,特点是慢,形成的思维可以持续几分钟至几小时。卧思时绝大多数脑细胞的电活动同步:同时放电,同时停止放电,快、慢信息传导都处于最佳状态。人所共知,正常的脑电活动是思维过程所必需的,而大多数细胞的共同运作可促使大脑的内在潜能得以最大限度地发挥作用,提高思维的深度。
        值得注意的是,卧思的灵感常常出现在片刻之间,所以需要尽快笔录,否则灵感将会失之交臂。恩格斯曾经说过:“思维是地球上最美丽的花朵。”人的一生有近1/3的时间是在床上度过的,把握卧思这一思维机遇,可以为社会作出更多贡献。
                                                                                                                                                     (文/杨世诚,有删改。)

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    Research shows that childhood friendships are important indicators of future success and social adjustment. Children's relationships with peers (同龄人) strongly influence their success inschool, and children with fewer friends are more at risk of dropping out of school, becoming depressed and other problems.

Making and Keeping Friends Is More than Child's Play

    When 6-year­-old Rachel returned to school on a recent Monday morning, her eyes immediately scanned the playground for her friend Abbie. “Though they were only separated by a weekend, the girls ran right into each other's arms and hugged,” recalls Rachel's mother Kathryn Willis of Gilbert. “It was like a scene from a movie.”

    Most parents instinctively (本能地) know that having friends is good for their child. Experts agree that friendship isnot simply child's play, but a powerful predictor of social adjustment throughout life.

A Skill for Life

  “Childhood friendships serve as a very important training ground for adulthood,” says Dr. Robbie Adler­Tapia, psychologist with the Center for Children's Health & Life Development at the East Valley Family Resource Center.

    Researcher William Hartup states,“Peerrelations contribute significantly to both social and cognitive (认知的) development.” Hartup concludes that the single best childhood predictor of adult social adaptation is not school grades or classroom behavior, butrather, how well a child gets along with other children.

    The work of Arizona State University professor of Developmental Psychology Gary Ladd proves that just as being ableto make and keep friends is beneficial to kids while the lack of friends is detrimental.

Good Friendships Don't Just Happen

    Experts agree that it is essential forchildren to establish high­quality friendships. But, researchers warn, these friendships don't necessarily just happen. Often, a good friendship begins with involvedparents.

    Psychologist Dr. Lynne Kenney Markan believes kids should be taught social skills in much the same way they are taught math and reading.

Bad Company

    Many parents worry about the quality aswell as the quantity of their child's friendships. “When she was in 1st grade, her supposed ‘best friend’ began calling her names and threatening to hurt her,”says Mindy Miller. “My daughter wasn't allowed to talk to or even look at other girls in her class. It really crushed her spirit. I told my daughter she didn't need a ‘friend’ like that.”

    “I'll bend over backwards(拼命) to help my son get together with a friend I think is good for him,” Adler­ Tapiasays. “I don't look at it as manipulation (操纵),just positive parental involvement.”