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    在儒家体系中,对伦理与道德关系在不同历史发展时期有不同的表述。在孔子是“礼”与“仁”,在孟子是“五伦四德”,董仲舒以后则是“三纲五常”。但无论如何演变,伦理与道德始终一体,而且“礼”、“五伦”、“三纲”的伦理,之于“仁”、“四德”、“五常”的道德总是处在优先地位。

    孔子以后,在中国传统道德体系尤其是儒家体系中,总有三个结构性元素:伦理性的礼或人伦,道德性的仁或德性,而修养则是它们之间使二者同一的“第三元素”。修养的关键在于“修身养性”。“身”即人的个别性或所谓“单一物”,“性”即人的公共本质或所谓“普遍物”。“性”作为普遍本质为人所共有,因而需要“养”;“身”作为个别的感性存在则潜在某种道德上的危险性,因而有待“修”。“修身养性”的过程,简单说就是克服人的自私,完成人的社会性的过程。

    可见,对于伦理与道德的关系,在儒家思想中说是礼仁合一,伦理道德共生,伦理优先。儒家学说以道德理想主义和伦理理想主义,对现实的伦理存在和道德状况采取批判的态度,提出“内圣外王”,“圣”是“王”的前提条件,以此作为对“王者”的道德教训。宋明理学通过儒道释的融合,以“理”或“天理”统摄“礼”的伦理与“仁”的道德,也是伦理与道德统一的一种诠释。到了理学阶段,中国道德哲学核心概念,已经不是“礼”,也不是“仁”,而是“理”。

    与西方相比,中国没有强大的宗教。但人们一般承认中国伦理尤其儒家伦理的准宗教意义,这不仅因为中国伦理以家庭伦理为基础,也不仅因为作为完成形态的中国传统伦理的宋明理学中已经融合了佛教的因素,宗教参与了中国伦理的历史建构和现实发展,更重要的是,伦理精神本身与宗教有相通之处。伦理必须作用于人们的精神才能在现实社会中实现。所以,中国道德哲学一开始就设置了兼具伦理与宗教意义的“天”的概念。到了宋明理学,形成所谓“天理”概念,标志着中国传统道德哲学的完成。

     “天”与“理”的结合,是伦理与宗教的结合。这种结合不能一般地解释为道德哲学中融合了宗教的因素,而是可以看作中国伦理与宗教在哲学上的文化相通。在西方,伦理的实体被人格化,这就是上帝。在中国,伦理性的实体被哲学地把握和表达,但由于它同样具有某种终极性的意义,同样具有神圣性,因而寄托于集自然、伦理、宗教于一身的“天”的概念以表述和表现。孔子着力于“仁”,坚持“为仁由己”,求“仁”得“仁”,但却认为“仁”是一个精神境界。“伦”的实现,有赖于“精神”的信念和信仰,“伦理”便是所谓“伦”之“理”。因此,不仅实体性的“伦”,而且作为达到“伦”的条件的“精神”,都具有某种宗教的哲学气息。(有删改)

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    After a homeless man offered a college student in England all the money he had so she'd be able to get home safely, the woman is paying it forward—in a massive way.

    The story began in early December. It was about 3 a.m. and Harrison-Bentzen was panic. “I came out after a student night out and realized I didn't have any battery on my phone. I'd lost my friends,” the 22-year-old told BBC Radio 5. She'd also lost her bank card, she discovered, and she had no money.

    Just then, a homeless man, known only as Robbie, approached the young woman and asked her if she needed help. He reached into his pocket and pulled out all the money he had—loose change amounting to about $4.60. He insisted that Harrison-Bentzen take it to pay for a taxi so she'd get home safely.

    Harrison-Bentzen, a student at the University of Central Lancashire in Preston, England, says she refused to take Robbie's money and found another way to get home. But following her encounter(偶然相遇)with the generous man, she says she couldn't get him out of her mind.

    For the next few days, the student searched for Robbie, driving around the streets with her mom and using social media in an attempt to locate the man. In that time, Harrison-Bentzen says she learned more about Robbie and discovered that he actually had a reputation for helping strangers.

    Finally, after four days of driving around Preston, Harrison-Bentzen found Robbie. She was determined to do something to help change Robbie's life.

    So, earlier this month, the student launched a fundraising campaign in Robbie's name. She explained that she would be spending 24 hours on the streets, so as to “understand the difficulties” that the homeless face on a daily basis.

    Harrison-Bentzen says she had initially(最初)hoped to raise about $780 with her campaign. Her expectations, however, were quickly blown out of the water. As of Thursday morning, 4,800 people have donated almost $50,000.