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    文艺批评是整个文化生态中重要的一环,是富于智慧的人们对于文艺现象的评说与解释,批评言说的必要,在一个文艺蓬勃发展的年代里显得尤其突出,这是出于精神创作生产规律的一种必然需求——一切于人类精神创造的自觉冲动,因为,只有精神创造能够使人类更加明白自身的使命与高贵,知道这个世界的无限丰富多彩及浩瀚可靠。正是文艺批评,遵循着自身的规律,与作家艺术家们精神创造的努力同行,以自己的见识、智慧、力量,含蕴历史烟云、揭示人类内心,见证时代进步的一些关键时刻,助益于人性进步。但要意识到,批评很可能是一种最讲究发现的艺术,优秀批评家须像法国作家法郎士指出的那样,延伸各自灵魂在杰作中的探险,不落后于时代与艺术,从而让自己的言说经得起时间考验。

    文艺评论之为探险,其中一个题中之义,是要找寻有益的价值。文艺创作作为饱含价值取向的精神劳动,是由艺术地反映生活,审美化地评判生活来实现的。世界上不存在没有价值裁定和是非观的文艺作品,正如不存在没有意义的话语一样。俄罗斯著名文学批评家杜勃罗留波夫说过,真正的批评“应当像镜子一般使作者的优点和缺点呈现出来,指示他正确的道路,又向读者指出应当赞美和不应当赞美的地方”,文艺评论要增强价值评判意识,是由其言说的理性、引领性所决定的,批评主体按照一定的理论主张和标准,对文本和文艺现象进行分析、鉴别、阐释、判断,从而作用于文艺现实,通过理性评判,对作品和文艺现象做出价值判断,对其文本意义进行适当的价值裁定,表达批评者的立场、观点和价值取向,才能完成文艺评论的使命。

    人们需要文艺批评,很大程度上在于希望看到文艺评论对文艺现象、思潮、作品的理性评判和估价。没有价值判断的文艺批评会使言说陷于无灵魂、琐碎与苍白。鲜明的价值立场能够点亮文化言说。目前在文艺评论实践中,那种将艺术言说蜕变为细致解读的批发所、华丽辞藻集散地的情况是普遍的,在涉及价值评判的问题上变得言不由衷和不及物,是文艺评论的一大弊端。有位法国学者说过,批评是一种老得最快的东西,对抗时光的磨损,要积极弘扬在变当中其实永远不变的那些价值,以热情批评的真诚和人性体温,匡正创作风气,提振诗性精神。

    增强价值彰显意识,要加强文艺批评价值、评判标准建设,缓解文艺批评的文化、理论与精神价值的资源短缺紧缺状况。要学习马克思主义经典作家尊重文本、从文本出发的精神,坚守主流价值,以“历史的”“美学的”观点开展文艺批评。要积极吸收古代文论的有益资源,以作为文艺鉴赏、评论重要尺度、依据和标准,鲜明体现中国人的善恶美丑观、义利观、责任观,体现中国文化的爱憎与是非观,发挥先进价值观引导文化思潮的作用。

(节选自梁鸿鹰《批判是灵魂在杰作中的探险》,2014年7月22日《中国文化报》)

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    In Europe, small cars have always been more popular than large cars. In the United States, large cars and midsize cars are more popular than smaller cars. As a result, European automakers used to make different kinds of small cars while American automakers used to build bigger, heavier cars. However, these days, automakers in both America and Europe produce cars of different sizes. This is because most automakers export their cars all over the world.

    The price of gasoline (汽油)is one reason for differences in car choices. Since gasoline is more expensive in Europe, many Europeans want smaller, lighter cars that will travel a long way on a gallon(加仑)of gasoline.

    Other reasons also enter into the big or little car decision. Many European cities have narrow, winding(弯曲的) streets. In these cities a small car is easier to control than a large one.

    For a long time, few Americans bought small cars. Instead they chose large cars, because these roomy cars were more comfortable for large families and long trips. Some people also liked the powerful engines(发动机) that large cars had. Since gasoline was cheap, drivers did not mind that the large cars used a lot of gasoline.

    But in the 1970s, there were gasoline shortages in the United States. The price of gasoline went up. Though large cars were still more popular than smaller cars, sales of small cars increased. Some people also bought small cars because these cars caused less air pollution than larger cars.

    Today, Americans' car preferences are still changing. Though Americans are still buying many small cars, the fastest growing sales are for certain kinds of large cars. These types of cars are called minivans and sport utility vehicles(SUV). They are very popular today. But of course, that could change tomorrow.