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    翻开有关近代中国历史的读物,你常常会看到“半殖民地半封建”一词。鸦片战争后,中国在外国列强的侵略下,虽然在对外关系中还保持着独立国家的形式,但实际上已被迫纳入不平等条约体系,国家的主权和领土完整遭到了严重破坏,清政府成为“洋人的朝廷”;另一方面,列强势力的入侵,破坏了中国原有的男耕女织、自给自足的自然经济,客观上刺激了中国城乡商品经济的发展和近代新式工业的逐步兴起。上述两个方面的重大变化,就使中国由一个主权独立的封建国家逐步变为半殖民地半封建国家。一般来讲,这个过程开始于鸦片战争,形成于20世界初年,终结于1949年中华人民共和国建立。

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    If you are interested in studying at an American university, you have to take the Test of English as a Foreign Language. The test is widely known as the TOEFL. It is the most widely used language exam for American universities.

    There are two major kinds of the TOEFL test. The first is the IBT,or Internet based Test. It is offered in most of the world and accepted by nearly every university and scholarship program in the United States. The other kind of the test is called the Paper­based Test or PBT. The PBT is less costly to take and does not require use of the Internet.

    But how to get started with TOEFL? Here are some tips.

    ⒈Plan ahead — It takes a long time to improve your TOEFL score. Do not expect a big lift in your test results after two weeks. You will have to spend a lot of time and energy.

    ⒉Master the basics first — You should have to be good at basic English before you take the test. If you score below 500 on the PBT or 70 on the IBT, study for a few months and come back to the TOEFL later.

    ⒊Get a study guide — It is easy to find study guides for the IBT. Pearson, Barron's, ETS, and Kaplan all produce quality materials, take a practice test once or twice a month. The best study guides will have explanations in the answer key.

    ⒋Use outside resources — Remember, you are learning a language, not a test. You can improve your TOEFL score by making English part of your daily life. Some simple ways are listening to English speakers, watching movies and reading newspapers. Some others are reading English textbooks, sending and reading text messages in English, and writing online in English.

    The best way to do well on the TOEFL is to know English well. The real goal of the test is to measure how well a student can communicate in English­speaking classroom.

    If you want to know more, please click here.