题干

现代社会保障制度最早出现于西欧国家,迄今已经有百余年的历史。阅读下列材料:

材料一:俾斯麦在1881年时就看到,光用“鞭子政策”对付工人是很难奏效的,需要辅以“糖果政策”改善工人处境。80年代初,德国规定6天工作制,按时给工人支付货币工资。1889年颁布老年和残废保险法,保险费由国家、雇主和工人缴纳。到l900年,领社会保险费的人数达500万人。俾斯麦的社会立法开资本主义国家之先河,具有深远的社会意义。

——摘编自丁建弘《德国通史》

材料二:大危机促使美国政府致力于社会保障事业。1933年,在罗斯福的倡议下国会通过了联邦紧急救济法案,拨款5亿美元补助各州进行劳动救济和失业救济。1935年通过的社会保障法是第一个由联邦政府承担义务的、以解决老年和失业问题为主体的社会保障立法。二战后美国联邦政府举办的社会保障事业发展很快,从1950年至1980年,联邦政府用于社会保障项目的开支每年平均递增11.8%。

——摘编自陈宝森《美国经济与政府政策:从罗斯福到里根》

材料三:20世纪80年代,英国撒切尔政府福利改革的主要措施有:把与社会福利有关的部分资产,如医院等出售给私人或私营部门;将某些社会福利项目的出资与管理责任交给私人组织;削减国家提供的福利。但是,这些并不意味看国家责任的减弱,如通过对地方政府履行职责情况和财务状况的审计、检查和评估等措施强化对它们的约束与控制

——摘编自闵凡祥《国家与社会:英国福利观念的变迁与撒切尔政府社会福利改革研究》

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