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    蒋贵,字大富,以燕山卫卒从成祖起兵。积功至昌国卫指挥同知。从大军征交阯及沙漠,迁都指挥佥事,掌彭城卫事。

    宣德二年,四川松潘诸番叛,充右参将,从总兵官陈怀讨之。募乡导,绝险而进,薄其巢。一日十数战,大败之。进都指挥同知,镇守密云。七年复命为参将,佐怀镇松潘。明年进都督佥事,充副总兵,协方政镇守。又明年,诸番复叛,政等分道进讨。贵督兵四千,攻破任昌大寨。会都指挥赵得、宫聚兵以次讨平龙溪等三十七寨,斩首一千七百级,投崖坠水死者无算。捷闻,进都督同知,充总兵官,佩平蛮将军印,代政镇守。

    英宗即位,以所统皆极边地,奏增军士月粮。正统元年召还,为右都督。阿台寇甘、凉,边将告急。命佩平虏将军印,帅师讨之。贼犯庄浪,都指挥江源战死,亡士卒百四十余人。侍郎徐晞劾贵,朝议以贵方选军甘州,势不相及。而庄浪乃晞所统,责晞委罪。置贵不问。

    明年春,谍报敌驻贺兰山后。诏大同总兵官方政、都指挥杨洪出大同迤西,贵与都督赵安出凉州塞会剿。贵至鱼儿海子,都指挥安敬言前途无水草,引还。镇守陕西都御史陈镒言状,尚书王骥出理边务,斩敬,责贵立功。贵感奋,会朵儿只伯惧罪,连遣使入贡,敌势稍弱。贵帅轻骑败之于狼山,追抵石城。已,闻朵儿只伯依阿台于兀鲁乃地,贵将二千五百人为前锋往袭。副将李安阻之,贵拔剑厉声叱安曰:“敢阻军者死!”遂出镇夷。间道疾驰三日夜,抵其巢。阿台方牧马,贵猝入马群,令士卒以鞭击弓韣(dú,弓袋)惊马,马尽佚。敌失马挽弓步斗贵纵骑蹂击指挥毛哈阿奋入其阵大败之复分军为两翼别遣百骑乘高为疑兵转战八十里。会任礼亦追敌至黑泉,阿台与朵儿只伯以数骑远遁,西边悉平。

    十四年正月,贵卒,年七十。赠泾国公,谥武勇。

(节选自《明史·蒋贵传》,有删改)

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    A 15-year-old student who invented a flashlight(手电筒) getting power from the holder's body heat is going home today from California with a big prize and a chance to do further research.

    Ann Makosinski was the only Canadian among the four winners at Google's international science competition. Thousands of young scientists from around the world took part in the competition.

    Winning the science and technology competition was "a surprise". Ann said, "I think it will have a great influence on my future."

    Ann thanked her family for encouraging her interest in science and said that her first toy was a box of transistors(晶体管).

    Ann's prize includes $ 25,000 and a "once in a-lifetime expericnce" from Google for her Hollow Flashlight, which has no moving parts or batteries.

    The idea for the invention came from seeing unwanted batteries and her friend's experience. When Ann visited a friend in the Philippines, she saw the friend couldn't study when it became dark because there was no electricity or light. She saw the need for a flashlight that has no batteries - Hollow Flashlight.

    In her project, Ann wrote "I made two flashlights that do not use any batteries or harmful materials. They do not create any noise and will always work. The flashlight needs at least a 5℃ temperature difference between the holder's body and the environment around to produce light."

    A video of Ann explaining how she creatcd the flashlight has been watched more than 1.4 million times on the Internet.

    Though Ann was successful, she has not made a decision about her career path. Ann hopes that she can find a way to join her love of film and science together.

    The four winners were chosen from 15 final competitors from eight countries. The competition attracted thousands of students in 120 countries.