题干

英国代议制开创了近代民主政治的先河,但其民主政治的确立经过了一个漫长的过程。阅读下列材料:

材料一 英国历史学家马考莱在总结中世纪英国政治制度时说:国王的权力虽说很充分,却受三大宪政原则的限制。这“三大宪政原则”是:其一,不经议会同意国王不得立法。其二,不经议会同意国王不得征税。其三,国王必须按国家法律掌管行政,如果他违背法律,其谋臣及代办官员应负责任。

——陈晓枫、苏艾平《英国封建政治的特质与宪政的生成》

材料二 (1)凡未经议会同意,以国王权威停止法律或停止法律实施之僭越权力,为非法权力。……(4)凡未经议会准许,借口国王特权,为国王而征收,或供国王使用而征收金钱,超过议会准许之时限或方式者,皆为非法。……(6)除经议会同意外,平时在本王国内征募或维持常备军,皆属违法。

——蒋相泽主编《世界通史资料选辑·近代部分》上册

材料三 乔治三世(英国君主,1760-1820年在位)个人统治的确立表明……王权复兴,内阁名存实亡,政党被视为大逆不道,“爱国君主”论在很大程度上已成现实。此时,“国王的政治优势已牢固地建立起来,他的意志就是对大臣的法律,而大臣在议会两院中都拥有压倒多数……人民与议会的争端消失了,这是一个政治上的冷漠时期。权力平衡的重心,在沃波尔内阁时,是由上院滑向下院,现在却是从议会滑向君主”。

——《英国政治史》

材料四 英国民主政治的发展完善

渐变1:1832年议会改革降低了候选人和选民财产资格的限制,新兴工业资产阶级进入议会。

渐变2:19世纪后半期,英国又进行了两次议会改革,成年男子获得了普选权。

渐变3:20世纪初,非贵族出身议员在下院中首次超过半数,是民主化的又一里程碑。

渐变4:1918年议会通过《人民代表法》,30岁以上有一定财产的妇女首次获得选举权。

渐变5:1928年法律赋予成年女子和男子拥有一样的选举权。

——整理自钱乘旦《英国通史》

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