怪风揭秘

邓万祥

    风是一种常见的自然现象，但是，大自然也造出了许多怪风。

    有一句俗语：“清明前后刮鬼风”，这种所谓的“鬼风”能转着圈跟着人走。世界上当然是没有鬼的，这种风其实是一种尘卷风，它一旦遇到障碍物，便会改变前进的方向，在一个地方打转，有时它还挟带着泥沙、纸屑旋转上升。

    有一种叫“焚风”的风，最早是指气流越过阿尔卑斯山后在德国、奥地利和瑞士山谷出现的一种风。它的特点是热而干燥。实际上在世界其他地区也有焚风，如北美的落基山、中国新疆吐鲁番盆地等。焚风主要是因为气流受到山脉阻挡时沿着山坡上升而形成的。当受阻气流上升到山脊附近后，变得干燥，然后在背风坡一侧顺坡下降，气温常有大幅度的升高，从而形成焚风。阿尔卑斯山脉在刮焚风的日子里，白天温度可升高20℃以上，初春的天气会变得像盛夏一样，不仅热，而且十分干燥，易引起森林火灾，遇特定地形，还会引起局地风灾，造成人员伤亡和经济损失。

    在怪风家族里，还有一种叫“布拉风”的风，这种风具有飓风力量而且无比寒冷。经研究发现，这种可怕的风是由于陆地上空控制的冷空气团和不断上升的海上热空气之间的气压差而形成的。布拉风的风力可以达到12级，甚至更高，具有极强的摧毁力与破坏力。约10年前，俄国黑海舰队的四艘舰艇停在海岸边，忽然刮来一阵狂风，卷起千层巨浪，刹那间船被冻成了一座冰山，最后全部沉没。

    对人类危害最大的还得算台风。它既大刚又大柔，一边画圈一边大呼大啸大跃进。台风是一种形成于热带海洋上的风暴。太阳的照射使海面上的空气急剧变热、上升，冷空气从四面八方迅速赶拢来，热空气不断上升，直到到达高空变为冷空气为止。这些热空气冷凝后，立即变为暴雨，四面八方冲来的冷空气夹着狂风暴雨形成了一个大漩涡，从而形成台风。它对人类危害极大，有时会把大树连根拔起，把房顶掀掉，伴随狂风而来的瓢泼大雨还会淹没庄稼、中断交通。海面上台风的破坏力更是惊人，它掀起滔天巨浪，威胁着海上作业人员和海上航行船只的安全。翻一翻苍茫历史，可知1970年11月13日，台风曾“叩问”孟加拉湾，飓风上岸潮高约6米，顷刻之间20多万人成鱼鳖，100多万人无家可归。

    如果台风在空中产生带有垂直转轴的旋涡，就会形成龙卷风，这是一种强烈的小范围旋风，其破坏力远远大于台风。上海浦东地区就曾受到过龙卷风的袭击，那场风把一只11万吨重的储油罐轻而易举地抛到120米以外。

    怪风家族里的一些“微风”也具有一定的破坏力。一个晴朗的夏夜，一座70米高的铁塔在一声巨响中轰然倒塌了。当时除了阵阵微风外，没有任何异常情况，人们不知道铁塔为何而塌。后来，人们才发现当气流贴着物体流动时，会形成一个个小旋涡，这旋涡会产生一种使物体左右摇摆的力，从而危及建筑物。建筑物的设计师们没有注意到这种微风的破坏力，那座铁塔就是被这微风吹倒的。

    怪风虽怪，但如果我们巧妙地加以利用，有些怪风也可以为人类造福。比如，人们在经常出现焚风的地方种植一些作物和果树，便可利用焚风带来的热量来促进植物的生长，从而使当地也可种植一些原本要栽在南方的植物。同时，作物和水果的品质也得到了改善。由此看来，只要我们能够认识它们，就一定会找到兴利避害的好办法。

Look into hunters' eyes

    Have you ever been face to face with a cat or a sheep? If you have,you probably noticed that cats narrow their eyes to vertical (垂直的) slits (狭缝),while sheep have horizontal pupils (瞳孔).

     Why is the difference?

    Scientists from the Universities of California Berkeley and Durham in Britain may have the answer. Their research, published recently in the journal Science Advances, suggested that pupils' shapes could tell whether an animal is a hunter or gets hunted.

    The researchers took a close look at the eyes of 214 land animals.The challenge was to see if they could find a relationship between an animal's role in the food chain and the pupils' shapes.

    They found a pattern. Species with pupils that are vertical slits are more likely to be small ambush predators (捕猎者) – creatures that lie in wait for their lunch.In contrast,those with horizontal pupils are more likely to be plant-eating prey (猎物) species.

    Evolution chose the arrangement for a good reason.For hunters such as household cats,it appears that vertical pupils not only improve their ability to keep track of moving objects like mice,but also maximize (使最大化) their ability to judge the distances of the animals they hunt.

    However, an interesting discovery from the study is that the slit pupils are mostly linked to hunters that are close to the ground. Therefore, bigger cats who actively hunt down their prey, like tigers and lions, don't have slit pupils.

    On the other hand, for plant-eating prey animals, horizontal pupils give them a wider field of vision.When stretched (伸展) horizontally,the pupils allow for more light to enter from the front, back, and sides. Meanwhile, they also limit the amount of light from the sun above so the animal can see the ground better.“ Once they do find a predator,they need to see where they are running,” said leading researcher Martin Banks,a UC Berkeley professor of optometry (视光学).“They have to see well enough out of the corner of their eye to run quickly and jump over things.”

    But what happens when they bend down to eat? Researchers checked this by watching prey animals in the Oakland Zoo in California, US. They believe that when goats lower their heads to eat,their eyes rotate (旋转) to keep their pupils horizontal.

    So it seems that the eyes are indeed the window to the soul!

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