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大国在处理国际事务中的作用举足轻重,深刻影响着世界历史发展的进程。阅读下列材料,回答问题:

材料一  捷克斯洛伐克外交部长说:“我不知道你们的国家是否会从慕尼黑做出的决定中得到好处,但肯定无疑的是,我们不会是最后一个受害者。在我们之后,其他人也将遭遇同样的命运。”

——北师大版《历史》九年级下册

材料二   1945年2月3日,美、英、苏三巨头聚在一个名叫雅尔塔的小镇进行秘密谈判。会谈的目的是美、英双方希望苏联尽早落实对日宣战的时间,苏联则为此提出诸多要求,有许多内容涉及到中国的主权。罗斯福为了尽快让苏联出兵以减轻美军的伤亡,对于斯大林的要求并未加以拒绝,只是认为涉及外蒙古、大连商港和旅顺军港以及中长铁路的相关协议需要征求蒋介石的同意,而斯大林则建议此事应由罗斯福向蒋介石通告,并保证获得其同意。然而三方在会谈后发表的公告中,却对这些内容只字未提。

6月10日,美国大使奉总统的命令,向蒋介石当面报告有关雅尔塔会议中苏方提出的参战条件……这下子蒋介石真的被激怒了,斯大林对中国充满野心他是预料到的,但他没有想到的是,美国总统居然为了本国的利益,真的会牺牲他国的权益。至于谈判的最终结果,斯大林得到了他想要的一切。

——郑会欣《“忍气吞声,负重致远”:从蒋介石日记看他对雅尔塔协议的态度》

材料三   1945年后,经济冲突与共产王义和资本王义在意识形态的抵触是一致的……然而意识形态上的相互猜忌,却使美苏之间的利益冲突转为情感上的不合。双方都逐渐相信,对方企图摧毁自己的一切生活方式。包围与颠覆——这对孪生妖孽,在双方似乎能证实自己的假设不虚时,使真正成为一种存在的实体了。

——(美)罗伯特·帕克斯顿《西洋现代史》

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       Oxford University has introduced confidence classes for female students to get them to compete for jobs in future and win chances to work in best companies.

       They may be young and gifted, but research at the excellent institution has found that female undergraduates(大学生)are shying away from applying for jobs in banking, finance, management consultancy(咨询), engineering and resource management. Partly as a result, starting salaries for women when they graduate are on average £2,000 to £3,000 lower than their male counterparts.

    “Women are earning less on leaving Oxford.It is ridiculous,”said Jonathan Black, the careers service director at the university.“We have high quality and high achieving students of both genders.But it appears that women are selecting lower paid jobs. They accept more prejudice in certain industries and are saying 'I won't struggle for that really high paid job'. We are not trying to push loads of women but we are trying to say, you should feel able to apply for these sorts of jobs.Boys seem to have more self­confidence and see the bigger picture generally, even though their self­belief is not necessarily based on any greater academic advantage.”

       The four­day programme at Oxford will help 45 female undergraduates improve their self­confidence and decision­making, think positively and build up their strengths. Confidence training will teach them how to deal with the opposition and challenging situations.

       Successful female employees from RBS and BP, which are supporting the course, will talk about their lives and careers. RBS's involvement follows a promise by the bank to increase its national percentage of female graduate applications from 35 percent to 50 percent by 2014.

       Sophie Kelley, 20, studying law at Oxford, is hoping the course will make her more confident in courses and interviews.“I am applying to London's law firms for vacation schemes and it is so competitive,”she said.“The rejection letters don't give any real feedback(反馈), so I'm expecting the programme might give me a hand and some advice.”

Notes:

①institution n.社会公共机构,制度,制定 ②counterpart n.与对方地位、作用相当的人(或物) ③gender n.性别 ④prejudice n.偏见,成见