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    After two years of careful consideration, Robert McCrum has reached a conclusion on his selection of the 100 greatest novels written in English. Take a look at a few in his list:

    The Pilgrim's Progress by John Banyan (1678)

    A story of a man in search of truth told with the simple clarity and beauty of Bunyan's prose makes this an English classic.

    Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (1719)

    By the end of the 19th century, no book in English literary history had enjoyed more editions and translations. This world-famous novel is a complex literature that one cannot resist.

    Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift (1726)

    A great work that's been repeatedly printed, Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels comes third in our list of the best novels written in English.

    Clarissa by Samuel Richardson (1748)

    Clarissa is a tragic heroine, pressured by her dishonorable family to marry a wealthy man she dislikes, in the book that Samuel Johnson described as “the first book in the world that shows the knowledge about the human heart”.

    Tom Jones by Henry Fielding (1749)

    Tom Jones is a classic English novel that gets the spirit of its age and whose characters are well-known since they have come to represent the society at that time.

    Emma by Jane Austen (1816)

    Jane Austen's Emma is her most outstanding work, mixing the best parts of her early books with a deep sense of feelings.

    The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket by Edgar Allan Poe (1838)

    Edgar Allan Poe's only novel—a classic adventure story with supernatural elements—has fascinated and influenced generations of writers.

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儒家廉德思想

任松峰

    “廉”是中华传统伦理的重要范畴,也是儒家政治伦理思想的重要内容。在“何为廉”“为何廉”以及“何以廉”的问题上,儒家有一套系统阐释。

    关于“廉”的含义,清代段玉裁在《说文解字注》中解释说:“廉,棱也。引申之,为清也,俭也,严利也。”大致可知,“廉”的本义为侧边、棱角,后来引申为正直、清廉、俭朴、收敛、廉耻的意思。而这些含意也正是儒家所追求的道德修养。儒家如何释“廉”呢?《论语》中,孔子虽仅有一次用到“廉”字,但实际上“行己有耻”“欲而不贪”等思想中已包含了“廉”的内容。可以说,先秦时期,儒家主要是从道德伦理层面来认识“廉”的,认为“廉”是君子所具有的一种基本道德操守。汉代以后,随着儒家思想的制度化,廉”更多地与政治行为联系在一起。汉代实行察举制度,出现了专门的举廉科,将“廉”作为官员选拔、任用的主要依据。

    儒家学说是一种内圣外王之学。儒家倡“廉”,主要基于内圣与外王的需要。从内圣来看,“廉”是个人修身、成就完美品格的必然要求。无论是孔子心中的圣人、君子,还是孟子心中的大丈夫,都内蕴着“廉”这一基本道德操守。从外王来看,“廉”是为政之本,能“廉”则政兴。《晋书•阮种传》中说:“夫廉耻之于政,犹树艺之有丰壤,良岁之有膏泽,其生物必油然茂矣。”廉洁对于为政的重要性,就像土壤和雨露于生物之必不可少,一旦失去,政权终会倾覆,为官者的廉洁是实现政权稳固持久的客观需要。

    实现“廉”的目标,为政者既需“修身以德”,也需“为政以德”。《大学》中“格物、致知、诚意、正心、修身、齐家、治国、平天下”八条目,强调上至天子、下到百姓,都要以修身为本。孟子“仁政”思想,论及的是如何做一名好官。在儒家思想中,包含着这样的逻辑:要做一名好官,先要做一个好人。所以,为政者只有先修身以德,才能“安人”“安百姓”。当然,成为一个好人并不意味着就能当一个好官,从“修身、齐家”到“治国、平天下”,还需把廉德运用到政治实践中。为政以德,既要有崇公抑私、立公去私的公心,又要有义利面前舍利取义的勇气;既需“不以言举人,不以人废言”地举贤任能,也需“居之无倦,行之以忠”地勤政守职;既有为政俭约、“节用而爱人”的品行,更需有涵养一腔浩然正气的节操。如此,才能实现《论语•为政》中描述的“居其所而众星共之”那般的清明气象。

    儒家廉德思想形成于古代社会发展的过程之中,对历史上风清气正社会局面的出现起到过积极作用。然而,在封建王朝中,天下莫非王土、四海皆是王臣,以廉为政归根结底是为了巩固统治阶级的政权,这也使封建臣子在践行“廉”的过程中遭遇局限和困境。但是,以史为鉴能够知兴替,这些都不妨碍今天我们从中汲取有益启示。

(节选自《人民日报》2014年3月28日)