阅读材料，完成下列要求。

材料：西方学者尼尔·弗格森指出，代议制政府、自由市场、法治和公民社会，这些原本是西欧和北美社会的四大支柱。在这些代表政治、经济、法律、社会的支柱内部，有着高度复杂且互相关联的制度在发挥着作用。正是因为这些制度优势，使得西方社会在公元16世纪后在世界上独领风骚。然而，20世纪后这些制度的衰退令人扼碗，使西方世界像明清时期的中国那样，正在走向沉沦。

——据尼尔·弗格森著《西方的衰落》改编

结合材料与所学世界史的相关知识，围绕“制度建设与社会发展”拟定一个具体的论题，并就所拟论题进行简要阐述（要求：明确写出所拟论题，阐述须有史实依据）。

古人通过观察和猜想，建立了不同的宇宙模型，其中古希腊天文学家托勒密提出以____

为中心的宇宙模型，简称“地心说”．近代波兰科学家哥白尼提出以太阳为中心的宇宙模型，简称____．

把50块蛋糕平均分给9个小朋友，每个小朋友能分到____块，还剩____块？

阅读下面短文，从短文后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出能填入相应空白处的最佳选项。

    Hi, everyone. I'm Daming. I come from a family 1 five people. They are my grandparents, my parents and me. We live in a tall building in Shanghai in the 2 of China. Our apartment is big and 3. We're living a happy life. My grandfather doesn't work now. He often tells me something about his 4.

    My grandfather 5 born in 1958in a small village. At that time, there wasn't a 6 in the village. 7. My grandfather couldn't go to school. There was a 8 behind my grandfather's house. The water was clean and there were lots of fish in it. People in the village were friendly and they got on well with each other. People were busy on the farm all day. There were many interesting games for children to play. It was great for my grandfather to 9 other children, so he wasn't 10. My grandfather often says, “the life in the past was hard, but it was happy too.”