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更名之事,原来是虚惊一场

肖鹰

    8月15日,石家庄市政府召开新闻发布会声明:石家庄市委、市政府没有为石家庄市更名的规划。相关负责人还表示,“石家庄市”一名由来已久,且那些具有深远教育意义的历史事件都以“石家庄”记入中国革命的光辉史册,若改名,将会造成“不可估量的损失”。

    更名之事,原来是虚惊一场。此次关于石家庄更名的风波,实际点出了如何对待城名与城市历史、城市发展之间关系的话题。“石家庄市”的市名,不仅提示着这个工业城市的乡土,而且见证着现代中国由“村”成“市”的历史变迁。应当说,“石家庄”承载了城市的地源和历史的文脉,为市民标示出了明确的城市历史认同意指。如果轻易更名,就斩断了“石家庄市”的历史文脉,必将长久造成城市历史认同意指的空缺或混乱,其历史损失,是绝不能用“旅游开发和招商引资”来弥补的。

    退一步说,一个土气而缺少历史盛名的市名就不利于城市的经济振兴吗?我们看一下深圳市这个例子。深圳市建市前,是广东省的宝安县,此县名始于公元331年(东晋咸和六年);而“深圳”地名则晚出得多,始见史籍于1410年(明永乐八年)。在当地的方言客家话中“圳”是指田野间的水沟,“深圳”就因为此地渔村边有一条深水沟而得名。大家知道,1979年中央政府决定深圳建市,宗旨就是要把它建设成为我国改革开放、招商引资的窗口。为什么不用更响亮的名称“宝安”而用土气的“深圳”命名这个窗口呢?“在一条深水沟上建立一个新兴的现代大都市”,恐怕是当时选择这个素朴的市名的立意所在。不攀比,不依附,自强创新,这是我们应当从“深圳市”命名中吸取的城市精神。而且,30年来的历史证明,我们正是依靠这种精神,不仅使“深圳”从水沟边的小渔村腾飞为国际化大都市,而且使我国在30年间从经济穷国成为经济大国。

    实际上,国际上的著名大都市的名称,很少是“出身名门”或有非凡的历史寓意的。相反,重要的历史名城的命名,似乎都表现出一种“因地制宜”的随意和朴素。作为第一个现代世界大都会,伦敦的市名是在公元43年由征服英伦三岛的罗马人定下的,其原名是Londinium,于当地居住者凯尔特人(Celts)的用语,意思是荒野地方,或者河流流经的地方。如果按照改名论者的主张,“伦敦”不仅也是一个土气的名字,而且还带着屈辱的殖民烙印,无疑早就应当更改了。但是,英国人不仅从无更改它的动议,而且始终以它作为首都的名称。为什么?因为“伦敦”见证了英国两千年来的历史风云,所以是英国的不可估价的非物质文化遗产。

    城市的建立,是历史的选择,所以每一个城市的名称,都带着自己诞生之际的独特历史烙印,“历史名城”正因此具有历史意蕴。为了经济的目的,攀龙附凤,更改市名,搞假大空的“古董”市名,这种不尊重城市历史的做法,不仅不能真正促进城市经济发展,而且必将严重伤害城市文化理念和形象。城市命名是历史文化的产物,用经济这笔账,是永远算不过来的。

(选自《光明日报》2009.8.18)

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    All languages change over time, but some change at a faster rate than others. ____ The most important factors are the number of people who speak a language, where they live and whether they move around, the importance of the language for world trade and communication, and changes in technology.

    ____ However, today English is the most widely used language in the world. English is spoken by about 350 million people as a first language in countries such as Great Britain, the United States. In addition, about a billion more people speak English as a second language.

    English started to take over French as an international language during the period of British colonialism (殖民主义) when the English ruled many countries in Africa and Asia. ____ The colonial period came to an end at the same time that several other changes occurred. For example, the U.S. started to play a greater part in global affairs and the international economy. New means of communication technology such as television and the Internet spread English worldwide. ____ In addition, they could use the Internet for information, business, or e-mail communication, all in English. Just as the use of English spread, other languages changed English by contact or by new inventions and technology.

    In contrast, Icelandic is a language that has changed very slowly. Icelandic speakers today can understand poetry written in a slightly different dialect over 1,000 years ago! Why has Icelandic changed so slowly? The main reason is the isolated (孤立的) location of the island in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. ____ Compared to England, Iceland had no history of colonialism. Iceland's small population has not played a major role in international trade or communication. Today, most Icelanders speak English in addition to their native language. With outside influences, Icelandic is changing more rapidly now.

A. People everywhere could watch the news or sports events in English.

B. These changes have a great influence on the development of society.

C. Isolation meant that for hundreds of years, Icelanders had little contact with speakers of other languages.

D. What are some of the factors that influence how quickly a language changes?

E. The language communication brings about the communication of technology.

F. In the past, other languages such as Latin or French were more important than English.

G. English was the primary means of communication in these colonies.