题干

阅读材料,完成下列各题。

材料一

事实上,无论在宗教改革运动之前或之后,政府没收教会财产都没有使它与罗马天主教的关系破裂。……看来经济条件所起的决定作用比宗教信念和政治形势的作用要小。加尔文教不仅在城市,而且在诸如苏格兰、波兰和匈牙利等农业国也同样赢得了信徒。路德教在经济停滞的北德意志要比在经济繁荣的南德意志发展得更为顺利。而在法国,当许多封建领主和农民皈依新教时,巴黎和许多其他城市仍坚定地信仰天主教。

——(美)帕尔默《现代世界史》(上)

材料二

在保留他们称之为圣餐或最后的晚餐的天主教弥撒仪式方面,路德和加尔文都反对圣餐变体论,但路德坚持认为上帝不管怎样确实呈现在礼拜仪式适用的面包和酒上,加尔文及其信徒则更趋向于将之看作是一种虔诚行动,具有象征性或纪念性的特点。

两人都大量吸收了圣奥古斯丁的观点,认为从神的赏罚观点看来,人依靠自己的行动永远不能解救,人具有的感化只能来自上帝的自由行动。加尔文是一个严厉的人性批评家,他觉得获得感化的人相对来说寥寥无几。他们是上帝的选民,是虔诚的信徒,是一小部分不靠自己的功德而早就被选定会得到拯救的人。

加尔文教徒不承认教会从属于国家,不承认任何政府有权制定有关宗教的法律。

——(美)帕尔默《现代世界史》(上)

材料三

欧洲的上层阶级有一种共同的、国际性的文化,这种文化的主体是法国文化。但是,英国也颇为重要。一直以来,人们多少认为英国属于欧洲的边陲地区,现在英国向中心靠拢了。可以说,孟德斯鸠和伏尔泰为欧洲“发现”了英国。

——(美)帕尔默《现代世界史》(上)

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    Today, we know that the role of vitamins and minerals goes way beyond the prevention of deficiency diseases (维生素缺乏症) to actually preventing cancer and heart disease, the most fearsome killers of our time. With this knowledge has come the widespread call for nutritional supplementation (营养补充) — and a confusing group of vitamin, mineral, and supplements lining the supermarket shelves.

    Far from contributing to better health, however, nutritional supplements threaten to turn a scientific breakthrough into a nutritional disaster.

    Promoters of vitamins and minerals — especially vitamins A, C, and E— would have consumers believe that the little vitamin pill in the bottle is all they need for good health. Take your vitamins in the morning, and you're covered. It's okay to eat fast foods for the rest of the day or skip meals to achieve today's fashionably skinny look. But vitamins and minerals are only one part of the nutritional puzzle. A diet rich in fiber (纤维) and balanced in carbohydrates and protein is essential for good health. You can't get these things from a nutritional supplement. The focus on vitamin and mineral supplements may actually be robbing us of the full nutrition we seek.

    And no supplement can compare to the quality of nutrition found in natural sources. For example, our bodies turn carotenes (胡萝卜素) from plant foods into vitamin A. Many supplements contain a single carotene, but natural sources are rich in many different carotenes. Many supplements contain a form of vitamin E that is made from chemicals, when natural vitamin E is more readily absorbed and used by the body. And science is still discovering the wealth of nutrients in foods.

    You'd be hard-pressed to find a supplement as nutritionally comprehensive and powerful as a balanced diet. Even if you could, you'd pay much more than if you got the same nutritional value from natural sources.

    But perhaps the greatest danger presented by nutritional supplements comes from the very real risks presented by self-medication. Anyone can walk into the market and buy as many different supplements as desired. The reported benefits of high dosages of certain nutrients have led some people to believe that the more the better. Many take several vitamin and mineral supplements without regard to possible consequences.

    Surprising new research suggests that vitamin C pills may speed up hardening of the arteries, the underlying cause of heart attacks. Researchers said their findings support the recommendations of health organizations, which urge people to avoid high doses of supplements and to get their nutrients from food instead.

    As appealing as they're made to sound, nutritional supplements are danger in disguise. If you're looking for good health, don't look on the supplement shelves of your supermarket. Look in the produce section instead.