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阅读材料,回答问题

材料一:就一般而言,历史事件随着流逝而意义日减。鸦片战争则不然。它是中国历史的转折,提出了中国必须近代化的历史使命。中国的现代化一日未完成,鸦片战争的意义就一分不会减。生活在这一尚未现代化区域中的人们,体会现实,探索问题,免不了联系到那次灾难性的战争。屈辱、仇恨、自卑、希望种种情绪交织,民族感情油然而生。

材料二:对于中国人来说,这场战争是一块界碑。它铭刻着中世纪古老的社会在炮口逼迫下赶往近代的最初的一步。……英国兵轮鼓浪而来,由沿海入长江,撞倒了堡垒一壁。……结果是“华夷抗礼静海寺,俨然白犬丹鸡盟”,随后,“夷人中流鼓掌去,三月长江断行旅”。鸦片战争不仅是英国对中国的胜利,而且是先进的西方对古老东方的胜利。

材料三:

材料四:1911年11月15日,宣布独立的各省都督府代表召开联合会议(代理参议院),12月3日通过并公布《中华民国临时政府组织大纲》,作为临时宪法。《临时政府组织大纲》仿照美国的政府制度,规定中央行政机关实行总统制,并采用内阁制。总统虽参议院选举产生,执行若干职权须经参议院同意,但实际上不对参议院负责,而且对参议院的议决案有交令复议权。还规定临时政府由临时大总统、副总统、行政各部、参议院和临时中央审判所组成。参议院是立法机关,它以各省都督府所派之参议员组成。临时中央审判所是司法机关。

——摘自臧巨凯《民国宪政的轨迹》

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On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes, another customer was approaching their table.

      “Hey, aren't you from Mississippi?” the elegant, white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. “I'm from Mississippi too.”

      Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair

      “They began telling me all the news of Mississippi,” Welty said. “I didn't know what my New York friends were thinking.”

Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave, it was pouring outside. Welty's new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi.

      “My friends said: 'Now we believe your stories,'” Welty added. “And I said: 'Now you know. These are the people that make me write them.'”

      Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this explanation.

      “I don't make them up,” she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years. “I don't have to.”

Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty's people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has now given out. Sometimes, sitting on a bus or a train, she hears only a fragment(片段) of a particularly interesting story.