材料一  北魏统治者面临着这样一个严峻的问题：曾经一度统一北方的前秦在淝水一战失败后迅速崩溃，北魏应如何巩固统治，而不至于重蹈覆辙，从道武帝到太武帝，都在为此而努力，矛盾的焦点集中在改革鲜卑旧俗和加速汉化上。在这方面作出重大贡献的是文明太后冯氏和孝文帝拓跋宏。

——樊树志《国史概要》

材料二  清代史学家赵翼在《廿二史札记》中说：“盖帝优于文学，恶本俗之陋，欲以华风变之，故不惮为此举也。然国势之衰，实始于此。”而当代著名史学家黄仁宇却认为，孝文帝改革“不期然地做了中国再统一的工具”。

①实践具有能动性的特征

②抓住时机能实现事物的飞跃

③实践具有直接现实性的品格

④量变能为质变的实现创造条件

图中所示为一种温度自动报警器的原理图。在水银温度计里封入一段金属丝。当温度达到金属丝下端所指示的温度时，就可以发出报警信号。这种温度自动报警器既可以进行高温报警（即温度达到或超过设定的温度时报警），也可以进行低温报警（即温度低于设定的温度时报警）。若设定报警灯为红色，正常状态指示灯为绿色，该装置设定为高温报警时，则灯L₁应为____ 色。（填：“红”或“绿”）

完形填空。阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

    The other night, I had to go to a meeting, which lasted past my daughter's bedtime. I 1 home and was brushing my teeth when I 2, and there on the bathroom mirror was a note in the  3 of a heart. It said, “Hi, Mom! I Love You. Laurel. ” 4, I cut a heart out of a piece of paper, and pasted(贴) a(n) 5 next to hers, saying, “I Love You, too, Laurel. Love, Mom”, which she 6 the next morning.

    Our family has 7 that by integrating(互相) writing into our 8 activities, we become more thoughtful of each other. Meanwhile, our daughter is learning to enjoy writing and becoming a(n) 9 writer.

    While teaching in a primary school, I 10 how influential parents can be as children learn to write. 11when our daughter first began to scribble（乱涂）, I became 12 by her work. I offered praise for her 13, for I found that scribbling is far more complex and important than I had 14. It was obvious that her scribbles,15 being lovely art objects, showed a lot about her 16 of the world of writing.

    Gradually, our family began writing a great deal. I sensed that writing helped Laurel learn 17 to read. As a matter of fact, by 18 my own child and her friends and by reading professional books, I became more and more 19 about how writing develops and how 20can help children become eager writers.