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西学东渐是指西方近代学术思想传播到中国的历史过程,主要包括明末清初和清末民初两个时期。阅读下列材料,回答问题。

材料一:为了让中国人适应天主教,经过一番曲折摸索,意大利传教士利玛窦努力使自己融入中国社会,他学会中文,取号为“西泰”,以结交儒士。通过多番努力,成功地进入了中国官僚仕绅的活动圈子。利玛窦在传教的同时极大地迎合了儒家文化的需要,他们根据中国知识阶层的思维习惯和接受能力,有选择地突出或者省略了某些内容,即使在宣传基督教的某些信条时,也多使用儒家的术语和思想来进行诠释。为了引起儒家知识分子的兴趣,他把带到中国、或在中国自制的奇器有西洋镜、自鸣钟、地球仪、世界地图及精美的油画圣母像等,公开展出,吸引乡绅、官僚士大夫,所宣传的西学涉及天文、历算、地理、数学等方面,这都与中国社会特别是君主专制需要有关。

——《浅谈明末清初西学东渐对于中国的影响》

材料二:清末民初“西学东渐”简表

阶段

时期

“西学东渐”简况

第一阶段

1840~1860年

从1843年到1860年,香港的各通商口岸出版西书434种,其中宗教类329种;属于天文、地理、数学、医学、历史、经济等方面的有105种。

第二阶段

1860~1900年

各种新式学校、教会医院以及报纸、杂志等宣传媒体大量涌现,西学影响扩大到社会基层。由于洋务运动兴起,翻译、介绍西方兵工文化、科技技术,成为中国输入西学的主体部分。甲午战争后,为救亡图存,以进化论为灵魂、以革故鼎新为主题的书籍、各种变政历史、亡国历史、维新传记纷纷出版。四十年中,共译西书555种,涉及哲学、社会科学类、自然科学、应用科学、游记、杂记、议论等。

第三阶段

1900~1911年

西学的影响极大地扩展,并深入到中国社会的各个层面。译书的数量极大;内容上以自然科学、应用科学为主转为社会科学所占比重加大,卢梭、伏尔泰、孟德斯鸠等的著作成为革命志士的神圣经典。

第四阶段

1912~1919年

由于对政治的不满又进一步导致知识分子们提出全盘西化的主张,在五四时期这种思想造成了很大的影响。

——摘编自吴小如主编《中国文化史纲要》等

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    Urban swans might be born with a daredevil gene that makes them less fearful of humans, compared with their rural colleagues.

    A study has found swans living in cities tend to be bolder and it is at least partly determined by a gene called DRD4. Birds with this gene could therefore be better adapted to settling in more populated areas, while more timid(胆怯的)swans would escape to less inhabited regions.

    It could help to explain why swans in public parks and on urban rivers have a reputation for being so aggressive towards humans - they are simply not afraid of us.

    Biologists from some universities in Australia, tracked and collected blood samples from black swans living in two wetlands near cities. One group of swans lived in a recreational urban park, while the other occupied a waste-water processing site out of town. The two areas were less than 20 miles apart. Later, from 2011 through 2013, the researchers started systematically scaring the swans at both sites. The researchers approached the birds and calculated how close they could get before they flew away. As expected, they noticed that while rural swans started flying away if a human was closer than 119 meters, the scientists could come as close to urban swans as 39 meters before taking off.

    Analyses of the blood samples, in fact, showed that 83 per cent of the less cautious swans presented the same genetic DRD4 variation(变异)while rural swans have different genetic makeups resulting in more wariness(谨慎,小心).

The researchers conclude that swans with the bold variation of the gene might choose to live in urban environments, as they tend to be less bothered by human presence.