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    By 2050, a completely new type of human evolve as a result of extremely new technology, behavior, and natural selection. This is according to Cadell Last, a researcher at the Global Brain Institute, who claims mankind is undergoing a major “evolutionary transition”.

    In less than four decades, Mr. Last claims we will live longer, have children in old age and rely on artificial intelligence to do ordinary and boring tasks. This shift is so significant, he claims, it is comparable to the change from monkeys to apes, and apes to humans. “Your 80 or 100 is going to be so radically different than your grandparents,” Mr. Last says, who believes we will spend much of our time living in virtual reality. Some evolutionary scientists believe this age could be as high as 120 by 2050.

    Mr. Last claims humans will also demonstrate delayed sexual maturation, according to a report by Christina Sterbenz in Business Insider. This refers to something known as life history theory which attempts to explain how natural selection shapes key events in a creature's life, such as reproduction. It suggests that as brain sizes increase, organisms need more energy and time to reach their full potential, and so reproduce less.

    Instead of living fast and dying younger, Mr. Last believes humans will live slow and die old. “Global society at the moment is a complete mess,” he told MailOnline. “But in crisis there is opportunity, and in apocalypse (启示) there can be transformation. So I think the next system humanity creates will be far more sophisticated, fair, and abundant than our current civilization.”

    “I think our next system will be as different from the modern world, as our contemporary world is from the medieval (中世纪的) world. The biological clock isn't going to be around forever,” he added, and said that people could pause it for some time using future technology.

    The change is already happening. Today, the average age at which a woman in Britain has her first baby has been rising steadily stands at 29. 8. In the US, just one percent of first children were born to women over the age of 35 in 1970. By 2012, that figure rose to 15 percent.

    “As countries become socio-economically advanced, more and more people, especially women have the option to engage in cultural reproduction,” Mr. Last added. And as well as having more child-free years to enjoy leisure time, he believes artificial intelligence will make up the need for low-skill jobs. We may also spend a large amount of time living in virtual reality. “I'm not quite sure most people have really absorbed the implications of this possibility,” Mr. Last said.

    His views are detailed in a paper, titled “Human Evolution, Life History Theory, and the End of Biological Reproduction" published Current Aging Science.

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回答下列有关光合作用的问题.

Ⅰ、图为植物光合作用过程示意简图,其中英文字母与甲、乙分别表示物质成分,数字表示反应过程.

(1)图中,膜的上方为叶绿体____结构部分.

(2)PSⅠ、PSⅡ分别为光合色素与蛋白质的复合系统,其中含有大量叶绿素A的复合系统是____ ,判断原因是____ 

(3)当某种环境因素X减弱时,B浓度明显下降,从而导致过程②催化酶的活性下降,但同时大多数酶的活性并未受影响;当减低环境因素Y时,过程②的酶与绝大多数酶的活性均降低.因此,可以推断影响过程②催化酶的因素X、Y分别可能是____.

(4)增大CO2浓度有利于提高光合作用效率,但当CO2浓度提高到一定程度后,光合作用产物并不会再增加,这是因为____ 

(请写出两点).

Ⅱ、气孔是CO2等气体进出叶片的通道,气孔导度表示单位时间内进入叶片表面单位面积的CO2的量,其单位是mmolCO2•m﹣2•s﹣1,能反映气孔张开的程度.

(4)研究小组探究不同浓度的镉对小白菜光合作用的影响,实验结果见表.

镉浓度

(mg•L﹣1)

气孔导度

(mmolCO2•m﹣2•s﹣1)

胞间CO2浓度

(μL•m﹣2•s﹣1)

净光合速率

(μmolCO2•m﹣2•s﹣1)

0

154.75

256.50

11.05

0.01

133.50

264.50

9.07

X

141.50

236.75

12.02

1

121.00

277.00

8.37

10

93.75

355.00

3.52

据表分析,X应为____ ,理由是____;高剂量(≥1mg•L﹣1)镉会使气孔导度____,而胞间CO2浓度却增大,其主要原因是____ ,以致合成的C3减少.

(5)表是植物A和植物B在一天中气孔导度的变化.据表分析可知,一天中植物A和植物B吸收CO2的差异主要是____ ;沙漠植物的气孔导度变化更接近于植物____ .

时刻

0:00

3:00

6:00

9:00

12:00

15:00

18:00

21:00

24:00

A气孔导度

38

35

30

7

2

8

15

25

38

B气孔导度

1

1

20

38

30

35

20

1

1