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莫把汉学当国学

慕朵生

    日前,美国著名汉学家史景迁携带《曹寅与康熙》等新书来华举办首发式,并在多所高校进行讲座,在学界和媒体引发新一轮“汉学热”。但笔者以为,“汉学”当热,然不可将之混同为“国学”。

    汉学是外国尤其是欧美国家学者研究和介绍中华文化的学问,历经游记性汉学、传教士汉学、学院派汉学,以及侧重研究中国现实问题的“中国学”等几大阶段,至今已有600多年历史。面对中国浩瀚的文化和复杂的现实,汉学家们皓首穷经,著书立说,既促进了中华文化的海外传播,也带动了中外文化的交流融合,甚至改写了世界的文明进程。比如,欧洲“启蒙运动”就深受来华传教士介绍的儒学的启迪。

    不过,中国学界对汉学的追踪和介绍仅有100多年的历史,且忽冷忽热,不成系统。其中,上个世纪二三十年代和八九十年代,国内曾分别兴起一股“汉学热”,原因是这两个时段中国社会变动剧烈,思想争鸣活跃,国人迫切希望通过汉学来了解外国人是如何看待中国以及中华文化的。此次史景迁访华引发的新一轮“汉学热”,则是在经济全球化和文化多样化时代背景下,国人试图借助汉学对自己国家崛起和文化复兴进行的一种心理上的印证和调适。不难看出,汉学不仅是中华文化走向世界的桥梁,还是中华文化反观自身的镜子。通过汉学,中华文化既能发现自己的优缺点、长短处,也能了解自己在世界文化生态中的方位和价值。

    然而,汉学虽有重要价值,但亦不可无限拔高。因为,汉学在本质上是一种“西学”,是西方人用西方价值观念、学术范式来研究中华文化的学问。对汉学家而言,中华文化仅仅是学术研究的客观对象,就像实验室的试验品或博物馆的展览品一样,很难内在于自己的生命,灌注以自己的情感,更很少负有弘扬和光大的责任感。

    但是,中国人注定做不了中华文化的旁观者。因为千百年来积累沉淀下来的中华文化,亦即通常所说的国学,是我们整个国家和民族的精神命脉,正如国学大师章太炎所言:“夫国学者,国家所以成立之源泉也。”所以,中国人尤其是中国学者,须对国学有一种“为天地立心,为生民立命,为往圣继绝学,为万世开太平”的使命感;否则,遗失国学就等于抛弃了传统,丢掉了根本,割断了自己的精神命脉,整个国家和民族就会得历史失忆症和精神分裂症。

    令人遗憾的是,百余年来中国人一度迷失国学,崇拜西学,形成了一种与“西学心态”互为表里的“汉学心态”——前者指试图以西学取代国学,后者指像汉学家一样把国学仅视为学术研究的对象,不再用生命和情感去体验并证实国学的优美价值。尤其是近些年,中国学界还出现了以获得外国汉学奖项为荣,谋求学术名望乃至经济利益的灰色学术现象。上述现象的实质是国学的“汉学化”。如任其发展下去,国学将会变成一种“在中国的汉学”,而汉学乃至西学则会变成“在中国的国学”。

    总之,汉学当热,但不能将之混同为国学,更不能以之取代国学。我衷心祝愿汉学能早日成为国际显学,更希望中国能大踏步复兴自己的国学,同时热烈欢迎海外汉学回家,使自己成为世界汉学的中心。

(选自《学习时报》)

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    One of the executives gathered at the Aspen Institute for a day-long leadership workshop using the works of Shakespeare was discussing the role of Brutus in the death of Julius Caesar. “Brutus was not an honorable man,” he said. “He was a traitor(叛徒). And he murdered someone in cold blood.” The agreement was that Brutus had acted with cruelty when other options were available to him. He made a bad decision, they said—at least as it was presented by Shakespeare—to take the lead in murdering Julius Caesar. And though one of the executives acknowledged that Brutus had the good of the republic in mind, Caesar was nevertheless his superior. “You have to endeavor,” the executives said, “our policy is to obey the chain of command.”

    During the last few years, business executives and book writers looking for a new way to advise corporate America have been exploiting Shakespeare’s wisdom for profitable ends. None more so than husband and wife team Kenneth and Carol Adelman, well-known advisers to the White House, who started up a training company called “Movers and Shakespeares”. They are amateur Shakespeare scholars and Shakespeare lovers, and they have combined their passion and their high level contacts into a management training business. They conduct between 30 and 40 workshops annually, focusing on half a dozen different plays, mostly for corporations, but also for government agencies.

    The workshops all take the same form, focusing on a single play as a kind of case study, and using individual scenes as specific lessons. In Julius Caesar , sly provocation(狡诈的挑唆) of Brutus to take up arms against the what was a basis for a discussion of methods of team building and grass roots organism.

    Although neither of the Adelmans is academically trained in literature, the programmes, contain plenty of Shakespeare tradition and background. Their workshop on Henry V, for example, includes a helpful explanation of Henry’s winning strategy at the Battle of Agincourt. But they do come to the text with a few biases (偏向): their reading of Henry V minimizes his misuse of power. Instead, they emphasize the story of the youth who seizes opportunity and becomes a masterful leader. And at the workshop on Caesar, Mr. Adelmans had little good to say about Brutus, saying “the noblest Roman of them all” couldn’t make his mind up about things.

    Many of the participants pointed to very specific elements in the play that they felt related Caesar’s pride, which led to his murder, and Brutus's mistakes in leading the  after the murder, they said, raise vital questions for anyone serving as a business when and how do you resist the boss?