在我国公众持有的各种幸福观中，有两种十分流行。一种可谓之为资源占有幸福观，它把幸福等同于占有资源（金钱、财富、权力等等），认为占有的社会资源越多越幸福。另一种把幸福看作是感性欲望（物质欲望）的满足，以为感性欲望越是得到满足、获得的享受越多越是幸福。这种物质享受幸福观比前一种幸福观更为流行，为更多的人所奉行。

    这两种幸福观自古以来就存在，它们虽然在人性中有其根源，但受到市场经济利益驱动机制的激发，从过去的羞羞答答走向了今天的大胆直白。在市场经济条件下，谋求利益最大化成为人们行为的普遍动机。所有社会资源本身都是利益，而且可以作为带来更大利益的资本。于是，在不少人那里，占有资源便不再是作为幸福的必要条件，而成为人生的目标，成为自我实现的标志。市场经济发展的一个重要后果是消费主义盛行。市场主体为了获得更多的利润，不断刺激和开发人们的消费欲望，给人们欲望的满足提供了目不暇接、花样翻新的产品和服务。在这种消费主义的社会环境中，人们很容易以为欲望得到越多满足、得到越高层次的满足就越幸福。于是，物质享受幸福观便流行起来。

    资源占有幸福观和物质享受幸福观都是偏颇的幸福观，已经导致和可能导致人生与社会问题。

    资源占有幸福观最大的问题是会导致人生异化，即将作为幸福条件的占有资源当作了幸福本身，并受控于占有欲，从而损害人生和社会。占有一定的资源是人生幸福的必要条件，但它只是幸福的条件而不是幸福本身。一旦将资源占有当作人生目的加以追求，当作幸福本身，那么占有欲望就会不断膨胀，最后充斥整个心灵，人不再是自己生活的主人，而成为不断膨胀的贪欲的奴隶。

    物质享受幸福观的问题不在于追求物质享受，而在于仅局限于此而忽视了人的其他需要的满足，容易导致心理问题。人的需要或欲望有不同的层次，物质需要是人的最低层次的需要。除此之外，人还有情感的需要、社会尊重的需要，以及马斯洛所说的基本需要之上的自我实现需要。所有这些需要都要得到一定程度的满足，心理才能平衡与和谐，否则就会发生心理问题，甚至会患上抑郁症之类的心理疾病。把物质欲望的满足作为唯一追求，必然会导致这样的恶性循环：欲望得不到满足会感到痛苦、郁闷、愤懑，得到满足又会感到无聊，于是又会追求更多、更强烈的欲望的满足，如此循环往复，直至心灵不能承受欲望之重。

    如果我们不能将幸福理解为社会资源的占有或物质欲望的满足，那么，我们应当如何理解幸福呢？或者说，幸福的真实含义是什么？就是人的自由而全面发展。自由而全面发展的人能通过努力奋斗逐步使其人性闪耀善和美的光辉，人格完善而高尚，个性获得健康而丰富的发展，生活充满乐趣、充满创意和充满魅力。显然，人的自由而全面发展状态就是人的幸福状态。

（节选自江畅《我们需要什么样的幸福观》，2017年1月23日《光明日报》）

“嫉妒是绿色的妖魔，谁做它的俘虏，谁就受到它的愚弄。”这句话告诉我们，竞争要（    ）

    Hilversum is a medium-sized city between the major cities of Amsterdam and Utrecht in the Gooi area of North Holland, the Netherlands. Unlike most of the Netherlands, Hilversum is actually in a hilly area with the soil mostly consisting of sand. Once called the Garden of Amsterdam, it still attracts travelers to come over to cycle and walk through the surrounding forests. They visit it for a relaxing day off from the urban madness. For Dutch people, Hilversum is all about textile (纺织) and media industries, and modern architecture.

    In history, Hilversum was largely an agricultural area. Daily life was marked by farming, sheep raising and wool production. A railway link to Amsterdam in 1874 attracted rich traders from Amsterdam to Hilversum. They build themselves large villas (别墅) in the wooded surroundings of the town. One of the families moving in was the Brenninkmeijers, currently the wealthiest family of the Netherlands. They moved in after big success in the textile industry and aided a substantial textile industry in Hilversum. But the textile boom lasted only several decades. The last factory closed in the 1960s.

    The change to a media economy started in 1920, when the Nederlandse Seintoestedllen Fabriek (NSF) established a radio factory in Hiversum. Most radio stations called in the large villas in the leafy areas of the town. Television gave another push to the local economy. Hilversum became the media capital of the Netherlands, and Dutch televison stars moved into the leafy neighborhoods surrounding the town.

    In the early 1900s, modern architcts W.M. Dudok and J. Duiker placed hundreds of remarkable buildings in Hilversum. These modern architectural masterpieces (杰作) are so many that Hilversum almost feels like an open air museum. Dudok alone shaped most 20th century Hilversum and approximately 75 buildings in 1928-1931. It has wide international fame and is included in many architecture textbooks. The building has a remarkable shape and looks like a combination of “blocks”. Actually, one may start his journey of modern architecture by walking or biking the W.M. Dudok Architectural Route in Hilversum.