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天人合一——传统文化中有机整体的生态世界观

张涛

    在源远流长、博大精深的中华优秀传统文化中,“天人合一”始终是一个核心理念和重要命题。作为中国传统生态世界观的高度概括和集中体现,“天人合一”把人与自然视为一个有机的整体,其根本意蕴就是顺应自然、保护自然、尊重自然,实现人与自然的和谐发展。陈寅恪先生指出:“中国之思想,可以儒、释、道三教代表之。”儒、释、道在比肩而立、相伴而行的过程中,都对“天人合一”情有独钟、多所阐扬、屡有创获,并呈现出各自的特点和优势。

    《周易》不仅被儒家奉为群经之首,被道家、道教尊为“三玄”之冠,亦曾为佛教众多高僧大德所倚重,它还是最早表述“天人合一”思想的著作。《说卦传》指出:“立天之道曰阴与阳,立地之道曰柔与刚,立人之道曰仁与义。兼三才而两之,故《易》六画而成卦。”《文言传》更有精妙的总结:“夫大人者,与天地合其德,与日月合其明,与四时合其序,与鬼神合其吉凶。先天而天弗违,后天而奉天时。”这些都成为“天人合一”思想的重要渊薮,也成为中国传统生态世界观的经典表述。

    儒家核心思想“仁”不仅仅针对人际交往,也包括对大自然、对生态环境的热爱和友善,希望最终能够协助天地化育万物,达到“天人合一”的境界。孔子具有效法天地而感化万物的优秀品质,将人类社会的伦理道德推及自然界。孟子的“仁民爱物”也有按照自然时节进行生产、生活的思想取向。到了宋代,张载明确提出了“天人合一”的命题,中国传统生态世界观由此发展到了一个新的历史阶段。

    被尊为道家和道教始祖的老子提出:“人法地,地法天,天法道,道法自然。”庄子则进而强调:“天地与我并生,而万物与我为一。”道教也继承了这种天人合一、物我合一的思想观念。道教早期经典《太平经》指明凡事皆可一分为三,“天、地、人本同一元气,分为三体”,三者同心相合,即可成就万物。佛教中“众生平等”“依正不二”等主张,也都体现了与“天人合一”异曲同工的生态世界观:人与自然构成了紧密的共生关系,这种关系存在于世间万物之中,所有事物都显现着这种关系,所有事物也都因为这种关系而平等。人类保护了生态,也就是保护了人类自身。

    以上各家尽管在具体表述上有一定差异,但都致力于天人关系的和谐发展,而且都强调人的主体意识和能动作用。《周易》要求顺天而动、适应自然,但又强调“财成天地之道,辅相天地之宜,以左右民”,使大自然造福于人类。《老子》有云:“道大,天大,地大,人亦大。”这也是在凸显人在天人关系中重要的主体作用。在中国思想文化发展史上,儒、释、道之所以能够相互影响、相互渗透、相互借鉴,《周易》固然在其中发挥着重要作用,但被各家一致认同的“天人合一”生态世界观,应该也是出现这种思想文化盛况的重要思想前提和文化基础。我国开展的生态文明建设、美丽中国建设,某种意义上可以看作“天人合一”传统生态世界观在当代的进一步延续和发展。

(选自2016年10月10日《光明日报》,有删节)

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    The first ancient Olympic Games for which we still have written records were held in 776 BC. Coroebus won the only event at the Olympics. This made him the very first Olympic champion in history. Then they grew and continued to be played every four years. In 393 AD, the Roman emperor Theodosius Ⅰ, a Christian, announced to end the Games because of their pagan (异教的) influences.

    About 1,500 years later, a young Frenchman named Pierre de Coubertin began their revival (恢复). In 1892 Coubertin first brought forward his idea to revive the Olympic Games but failed.

    Two years later, Coubertin organized a meeting with 79 delegates (代表) who represented nine countries. At this meeting he got what he wanted. All the delegates at the conference voted for the Olympic Games. They also decided to have Coubertin set up an international committee to organize the Games. This committee became the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and Demetrious Vikelas from Greece was selected to be its first president. Athens was chosen for the revival of the Olympic Games and the planning was begun.

    The very first modern Olympic Games opened in the first week of April, 1896. Since the Greek government had been unable to afford a stadium, a rich Greek architect, Georgios Averoff, donated one million drachmas (over $100,000) to repair the Panathenaic Stadium, originally built in 330 BC.

    Since the Games were not well publicized internationally, contestants (选手) were not nationally chosen but rather came individually and at their own expense. Some contestants were tourists who happened to be in the area during the Games.