题干

【历史上重大改革回眸】

材料:西汉建立后,“约法三章”不再适应现实需要,新的法令条文不断增加,形成《九章律》。汉武帝时,《九章律》之外的“旁章科条”迅速增至359“章”,仅关于死罪的法律条文便有1000多条,“律令颇多,百有余万言”;具有法律意义的案例汇编越编越多,《春秋》一书所记史事在判案时也用作参考。三国魏初.沿用的“秦汉旧律”竟多选906卷,770余万宇,东汉以来马融、郑玄等儒学大师对法律的注释也具有法律效力。

魏晋时对法律进行了重大改革。大量行政法被编辑为“令”,由具体行政部门掌握。改定的新律以刑法为主体,共20篇、620条、27600字,大大降低了官吏判案时任意引用法令条文的可能性。与汉代明显不同的是,新律不少条文突出上下尊卑,同罪而不同罚。

——摘编自张晋藩总主编《中国法制通史》

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                                                                                                         动物的弄虚作假
        ①自然界一些动物为了生存竞争、繁衍子孙,常会弄虚作假,玩弄骗术。其技巧之高超,简直令人难以想像。
        ②椿象、金龟子只要稍动它一下,立刻会装死从农作物上掉落地面,过会儿又活动开来。鸭子似乎是傻乎乎的,但当其被红狐追捕时,会翻着白眼装死。有人曾做试验,用红狐追捕养鸭场的50只鸭子,竟有29只在狐爪下逃生。深信装死的狐狸,其本身装死的技艺更高。一次,一只狐狸被猎人击中,它 迅即原地躺倒,全身瘫软,一动不动,猎人以为狐狸已死,就暂放原处,转到他处行猎。待到归来收拾猎物时,狐狸早已溜之大吉,猎人上了狐狸的当
        ③人们有时会发现有些蟹或虾的螯足一大一小,有的蛇或壁虎的尾巴粗细与身子相差悬殊,这决不是先天的畸形,也不是什么稀有品种,而是当它们遇到了强敌,使出了断足截尾的绝招,来一个“舍车保帅”,新的足还未长成原来大小的缘故。
        ④栖息在北极圈内的白狐、北欧山区的雪兔、日本北部的高山兔和我国新疆阿尔泰山区的雷鸟,能随着季节变化而改变颜色。如雷鸟到白雪皑皑的时候,便银装素裹;当春暖花开时,又着上淡黄色的“春装”;盛夏酷暑,浑身又换成栗褐之色;当秋风萧瑟的时节来到,又穿上与环境协调一致的暗棕色羽裳。
        ⑤见过竹节蝗、木叶蝶的人,无不为它们的形态与所附着的茎叶是那么相似而叫绝,这是一种生就的拟态。生活在澳州的叶海马,其体态能模拟周围物体,全身生出许多叶形突出物和丝状物,好似马尾藻一样,在海水中缓缓飘荡,使对手极难辨别。
        ⑥有的动物甚至会“行诈术”。一位学者曾发现一只苍鹭为觅食一条小鱼,颇费了一番脑筋:它嘴叼一根小羽毛,在小溪岸边踱着方步,两眼扫视着浅浅的溪水。随即突然止步,有意让羽毛掉进水里面;小鱼误以为是饵料,游近羽毛,苍鹭便以闪电般的动作扑向水面,吞食美味。
        ⑦动物在面临它的对手或要达到某一目的时,决不是简单地屈从或毫不掩饰其真面目。人们在认识和利用动物时,务必要注意到这点。
                                                                                                                                                                                               (本文选自《阅读与欣赏》,有删改)

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    Are you planning to go to university? ____Perhaps you will be choosing the classes you want to take, finding accommodation and enrolling in other activities. However, if you go to university in Chile there is something extra you must do before you can begin.

    An essential part of starting university in Chile is the “mechoneo”____ Students beginning their first year at university are “welcomed” by the older university students. They are taken from their classrooms on an unknown day and blindfolded. The older students tear their clothes, cut their hair, and cover them in raw eggs and other disgusting things.

    ____ This will be based on how well the students do the activities, and many students try very hard as they want to be the king or queen of the year. The older students then take away everything of the younger students and tell them they must go out onto the street and ask people for money. They will need to bring back a certain amount of money in order to be given their things back.____

    During March it is common to see new university students all around town wearing ripped, dirty clothes and covered in paint and mess. But the “mechoneo” is increasingly a source of dispute and debate. Some students see it as an important tradition and a unique experience that help new arrivals get to know everyone.____ There have been campaigns to ban or soften it in favour of more “positive welcomes'', and student organizations in some universities have voted to end the “mechoneo” completely.

A. It is an ancient university tradition here.

B. The younger students are forced to do games in dirty places.

C. The “queen mechona” and “king mechon” are chosen that day.

D. They have to do games and take up challenges for a whole day.

E. But others find it abusive, like a form of bullying.

F. What do you think you need to do in the first few weeks?

G. The money is then used to have a massive welcome party at night-time.