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《资本主义制度的确立、巩固与扩大》专题归纳

历程涉及内容
确立英国资产阶级革命:1689年颁布《          》,标志着君主立宪制开始在英国建立。
美国独立战争:1776年颁布《独立宣言》,宣告北美13个殖民地脱离英国,成为独立的美利坚合众国。
法国大革命:1789年制宪会议颁布《人权宣言》,资产阶级掌握政权,走 上了资本主义道路。
巩固美国南北战争:交战双方是北方工商业资产阶级和南方奴隶制种植园经济,战争结果是北方取得胜利,维护了国家统一,废除了黑人奴隶制度,促进了美国资本主义的发展。
各资本主义国家相继进行第一和第二次工业革命,促使资本主义经济迅速发展,进一步巩固了资产阶级政权。
扩大俄国:通过进行农奴制改革,宣布农奴获得人身自由,俄国开始走上资本主义道路,成俄国历史上的一个重大转折点。
日本:1868年,日本进行资产阶级性质的改革,史称“明治维新”,它使日本走上资本主义道路,摆脱了沦为半殖民地的危机。

(1)请将表格中空白处需要填写完整的内容补充完整。
(2)美国南北战争是美国历史上非常重要的一次战争,请问导致这场战争爆发的导火线是什么?
(3)表格中说,1868年日本明治维新改革取得巨大成功,它使日本走上了资本主义道路,摆脱了沦为半殖民地的危机。但是,1898年在中国进行的戊戌变法,却失败了,请结合所学知识总结戊戌变法失败的原因。
(4)资本主义制度的确立、巩固与扩大,也进一步激发了无产阶级的斗争意识,在马克思主义的指导下,1917年世界上第一个社会主义国家诞生,其名称叫什么?

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答案(点此获取答案解析)

( 1 )《权利法案》;
(2)主张限制奴隶制的林肯当选为美国总统;
(3)如依靠没有任何实权的光绪帝进行变法;变法遭到了封建顽固派和守旧势力的严重反对;变法缺乏广泛的群众基础;维新派力量弱小、资产阶级的软弱性和妥协性、帝国主义暗中施压阻碍变法等;
(4)苏俄;

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阅读理解

    There was a time when no one knew the name Harry Potter. Now the adventures of this extraordinary student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry are read in over 45 languages, including Russian, Thai, and even ancient Greek. No one can explain the Harry Potter phenomenon (现象) – not even J.K. Rowling, his creator.

    J.K. Rowling was born in England in 1965. From a young age, she knew she wanted to be a writer. When she was 6, she wrote her first story—about a rabbit that gets sick. At school, she used to make up stories to tell her friends.

    After graduation from college, she worked as a secretary. But she didn't give up her dream.She spent her lunch hour writing stories, mainly for adults. Then in 1990, on a train trip to London,she got the idea from the boy wizard. She says he just appeared in her head. She soon created many other characters to help Harry fight the forces of darkness.

    She kept working on the story while she was teaching English in Portugal, where she married, had her first child, and divorced (与……离婚) a year later. When she returned to England, she brought back a box of Harry Potter stories.

    After returning home, she was broke and living in a small house. She continued writing, and in 1995, finished the first book in the series, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. It was published (出版) in 1997 and became an unexpected bestseller.

    Rowling's life has changed a lot. She has become internationally famous and now earns around $40 million a year. She remarried, had a second child and lives in Scotland now.