题干

    There are few families in the United States that do not have either a radio or television set. Both of them have become a necessary part of our daily life, keeping us filled with the news of the day, teaching us in many fields of interest, and making us happy with singing, dancing and acting.
    Marconl, the Italian inventor, who gave us the radio, probably didn't know how much his great invention would have done for the world in the years to come. Radio had, perhaps done as much as any other communication tool. Things of the world can be reported to people everywhere a few seconds after they happen. Travelers in or out of–the–way places, ships at sea even astronauts round the earth are able to keep in touch with each other by radio.
    Television is another important invention. It lets us see as well as hear the actor. Since its appearance, TV has done a great deal in the daily life of people everywhere. Many programs are now televised in color.
    Perhaps the most modern invention is “Telstar”, a “star” moving round the earth. It makes it possible for the people all over the world to be closer than ever before. Now a family in Chicago can watch on TV a motor–car race in Italy, a table tennis competition in Beijing or a volleyball match in Japan as these events are actually happening!

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谈谈读书时的思考

    为什么读书?通常会有四种情况:一是为休闲而读书。随便翻翻,看看小说、散文或非专业的书。二是为兴趣而读书。对某个领域有兴趣、为了解某个方面的情况而读书。比如出国或国内旅游,要了解目的地、景点的情况。三是为学习而读书。要完成学习任务、为了考试或者要求写体会文章而读书。四是为研究而读书。也就是为研究问题、做学问而读书。我所说的读书思考,主要是讲为学习、为研究而读书时的思考。

    为学习、为研究,肯定要读书。尤其是为了研究还必须读很多书。张培刚先生在哈佛大学写博士论文,9个月时间翻阅了200多部专著,涉及180位学者,最终论文得了威尔士奖。

    为学习或研究需要很认真读书,为了说明或检验读书认真,有的还要求整段整篇地背下来,有的还写读书笔记或体会。我认为,为学习或为研究而读书,判断其认真程度有三个层次;第一个层次是记忆,读过之后,记得书的主要内容,甚至能背出其中的段落和句子;第二个层次是理解,能够理解书中所传达的思想;第三个层次是思考。

    为学习研究而读书,往往有通读和精读两种方式,有时也会有选择地读或有重点地细读。无论哪种方式,都可以引发思考,都可以因为思考而读懂。

    读书时的思考,可能会涉及四个方面。

    读书需要平面思考。要把书、作者以及所处的时代结合起来思考。如何理解书的旨趣,为什么是这样而不是那祥?为什么有时直截了当、有时却环顾左右而言他,甚至似是而非?需要结合时代背景观察,必须历史地看,必须在特定的时空条件中看;需要结合作者的人生、风格、追求看。只有这样,才能把书的中心思想理解准、理解深、理解透、理解到位。

    读书需要总结思考。一本书总是有一定篇幅的,无论是通读还是精读,必须抓住重点,总结概括出书的主题、中心思想、所运用的主要方法、最能引人注意的创新点或亮点。虽然作者、出版单位在推介时会讲该书的看点,包括写作意图,也会有专门的书评,甚至包括其他人的读书笔记和体会文章,但这些只能帮助我们理解,不能代替我们思考。

    读书需要关联思考。要把所读之书与同类书籍、文章联系起来读,与相关领域的学术体系、学科前沿联系起来思考,搞清楚该书的学术地位、学术价值、原创水平和实际贡献,建立起“由点到面,以面看点”的分析框架。

    读书需要启发思考。无论是为学习还是为研究而读书,目的总是要提高自己的。读书的最高境界是启发性思考,要一边读一边想。通过读书我们想到了什么、悟到了什么。通过读书我们是否受到激励、触动与启发,这是对我们为什么要读书,书读得怎么样的最好回答。