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侯宝林:一个极其严肃的人

薛宝琨

    我第一次和侯先生见面时,他既热情又略带矜持地告示我两句话:一是“曲艺是个金饭碗,你一辈子也吃不完”,一是“别看你是北大高材生,搞这行还得从头学起”。从此我谨遵师教,不仅越发仰视他,而且越发仰视曲艺和相声。

    日前一家电视台要我提供侯宝林笑话,他们拟创办一“逗你玩”栏目,要求从头到尾笑声迭起。我哑然,在我大脑的映像里,除去舞台上侯宝林那幽默智慧的喜剧形象而外,在任何一个群落里他从不“耍活宝”,也不“逗你玩”,他的精神和灵魂世界不仅是严肃的甚而是伤感的。他在学艺时绝少说熊话或贱话——在他打钱的钱板子上是从来没有“您就当我是逗您一笑的欢喜虫”,以及猫儿狗儿之类自侮的语言。

    1940年他在天津走红,不是凭着丑化自我,而是靠他传神动听的说唱、清新洗洁的语言、略带儒雅的风度而在白天一场《空城计》夜晚一场《改行》的当天一炮打响。是他坚定了相声在剧场与其他曲种同论并列的地位,并由“倒二”递升至“大轴”。于是他第一个蓄起了分头穿上了西装,在街上碰见同行,这位朋友不屑地说:“嗬!说相声的穿西装——人啦。”侯宝林立即抗争说:“人啦怎么着,说相声的就不是人吗?”

    “他的相声文明”,这是侯宝林在天津一待五年的赫赫战绩,也是天津观众对他最贴切的评价。相声一直都以“说逗”为主,“学唱”则从侯宝林开始,或是以他为代表,便不再是一种手段,而是与说逗融合在一起更具表现力也更加美致的时代艺术了。悲剧的内容,喜剧的形式,这是社会和时代为他提供也是侯宝林为自己找到的有力武器,于是他把严肃的感情和轻松的形式结合在了一起。侯宝林“文明”的另一表现就是舞台风度“派头”,在台上不卑琐油滑、不贫里贫气,他的自尊和自信、平稳和谦和、轻松和亲切给了他一生无休无止的“人缘”。建国后,时代赋予了他展示才华的天机。侯宝林的名字几乎成为中国相声的符号,他使相声这门艺术不仅老少咸宜,并且走出国门享誉国际。

    但是,就在他从干校归来“还原为人”不久——1979年7月,侯宝林“正式宣布退出舞台,专门从事相声研究工作”了。他的这一决定立即引起社会反响,他不是说过“一个演员设若脱离了舞台,他就等于失去了生命从而成为行尸走肉了吗”?

    侯先生说,他艺术的高峰时期已经过了。他不愿像有的戏曲大师那样为了证明自己的个人魅力,把一个残缺不全老态龙钟的形象留给观众。他说他如今的心力体力都不比从前。他不愿意凭着名声让观众可怜他。虽然在录像里我们依然可以感受到他的神采飞扬,但他告诉我,那已经是勉为其难了。他对我说:“不知怎的就是高兴不起来。”我当时认为,或许是他老了——他已然六十开外了。在这之前或而后,他总是向我提及《牛虻》,“那位主人公痛苦着身心还要充当马戏团小丑逗人们发笑,这是怎样残酷和无法忍受的践踏及扭曲!”我们同时都沉默着,我联想他当时或许就是被这种情思折磨吧。“文革”所钩沉的不仅是时代的垃圾,同时还深及几千年的民族劣性,这或许才是他开心不起来的真正原因。他满怀深情地说:“我现在特别需要严肃,需要自尊,需要在尊严中度过余生。”其实我已察觉到他对那些戏称他“侯宝林儿”的人们,不管是好意还是无知、谑称,只要“林儿”字一出,他就顿时神情严肃阴沉下来。轻则装作听而不闻,重则面带愠怒。

    1979年下半年,侯宝林开始案头工作,陆续在报刊上发表了《相声的表演》《相声溯源》等有关文字,如今汇集成册的《侯宝林谈相声》就是这一时期的产物,他说:“只是为了填补空白,绝不会成为盖世奇文;只要能够铺路,为别人的建树打下基础,哪怕是有人驳辩、批判,也算是我们的功劳。”

【相关链接】①侯宝林的人生和艺术哲学是“留有余地,恰到好处,宁可不够,不可过头”。他始终认为艺术的魅力在于富余——唯富余才能心到神到手到眼到,获取创作和表演的自由。(摘自《侯宝林的相声艺术及文化史意义》)②侯宝林12岁拜师学习京戏,三个月后开始街头卖艺。这挣饭的本事在侯宝林看来并不高明,“其实还是要饭的,只不过折着跟斗要饭而已”。他认为所出卖的与其说是技艺不如说是自尊。(摘自《侯宝林评传》)

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阅读下面短文,从各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

D

    It happens every night—bedtime. But what if you're not sleepy? Should you still go to bed if you are just going to lie there with your eyes wide open? It's a problem that has been around as long as there are people trying to sleep.

    You might be excited by something you did in the day. You might be nervous about what you're going to do the next day. Maybe you don't like sleeping alone in your room. Maybe you have frightening dreams. All of these are possible reasons for your sleeping problem. However, there are some steps you can take to help you solve it.

    One thing that can help is talking to a parent or another trusted adult about what you're worrying about at bedtime. For example, if you're nervous about taking a test, or upset about being teased (被嘲弄) at school, it can really help to tell somebody. Knowing that somebody has heard you can help ease your mind so that you can have a good rest.

    Sleeping in a comfortable bed in a quiet and cool room is a good choice. If there's anything in your room that makes you feel uneasy or anxious at night, like a picture that looks strange in the dark, or a noisy faucet (水龙头) in the bathroom, be sure to ask your parents to move or fix it. Make sure electronics, such as mobile phones or iPads, are kept away from your bed. They can keep you excited, making it harder for you to fall asleep.

    If you are usually restless around bedtime, doing certain things to relax beforehand may help you fall asleep. Try to take more time to wind down by taking a warm bath, or listening to a bedtime story at least 30 minutes before you go to sleep. It also helps to follow a bedtime routine and go to sleep at the same time every night. As a result, your body will get the message that it's almost time to sleep. Your body will know to start feeling tired.

    In order to find the right solution for you, it's possible that you understand what exactly is keeping you up at night. Getting a good night's sleep is worth the time and effort of finding the right solution to your sleeping problem.