①新兴资产阶级    ②新贵族    ③封建君主    ④天主教会

    Plants are flowering faster than scientists predicted（预测）in reaction to climate change, which could have long damaging effects on food chains and ecosystems.

    Global warming is having a great effect on hundreds of plant and animal species around the world, changing some living patterns, scientists say.

    Increased carbon dioxide（CO2）in the air from burning coal and oil can have an effect on how plants produce oxygen, while higher temperatures and changeable rainfall patterns can change their patterns of growth.

    “Predicting species' reaction to climate change is a major challenge in ecology,” said the researches of several U.S. universities. They said plants had been the key object of study because their reaction to climate change could have an effect on food chains and ecosystem services.

    The study, published on the Nature website, uses the findings from plant life cycle studies and experiments across four continents and 1,634 species. It found that some experiments had underestimated（低估）the speed of flowering by 8.5 times and leafing by 4 times.

    “Across all species, the experiments under-predicted the speed of the advance — for both leafing and flowering — that results from temperature increases,” the study said.

    The design of future experiments may need to be improved to better predict how plants will react to climate change, it said.

    Plants are necessary for life on the Earth. They are the base of the food chain, using photosynthesis（光合作用）to produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water. They let out oxygen which is needed by nearly every organism on the planet.

    Scientists believe the world's average temperature has risen by about 0.8℃ since 1900, and nearly 0.2℃ every ten years since 1979.

    So far, efforts to cut emissions（排放）of planet-warming greenhouse gases are not seen as enough to prevent the Earth heating up beyond 2℃ this century — a point scientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes are common, leading to drought, floods, crop failures and rising sea levels.

甲：将一个正在响的响铃放在玻璃钟罩内，然后将钟罩内的空气抽去一些，铃声明显减小；

乙：使正在发声的音叉接触水面，水面激起水花；

丙：在鼓面放一些小纸屑，击鼓时纸屑随着鼓一起跳动；

丁：吹笛子时，手指按住不同的孔便会发出不同的声音；

上述现象中能够说明声音的产生条件的实验现象是____和____；其中甲同学的现象说明了声音____；丁同学的现象说明了声音有不同的____．