某物理兴趣小组的同学们为自己的房间设计了一种冬天取暖的电路模型．如图所示，只闭合开关S，灯泡L发光，发热电阻丝R₁工作；温度较低时，可再闭合S₁、S₂，由发热电阻丝改成的滑动变阻器开始工作．电源电压为24V，R₂上标有“100Ω 3A”的字样，电流表的量程为0～0.6A，电流表的量程为 0～3A，灯泡上标有“12V 3W”的字样．

材料一：法律由议会制定，法律一旦制定，国王就不能中止。
――《某法案》
（1）请回答：
①上述材料出自什么文件？
②它是哪国的建立起了什么政治制度？
③该文件的颁布有何目的？
材料二：我们以这些殖民地的善良人民的名义和权力，谨庄严宣告：这些联合殖民地从此成为、而且名正言顺应当成为自由独立的合众国，它们解除对英王的一切隶属关系，而它们与大不列颠王国之间的一切政治联系也应从此完全废止。
——《某宣言》
（2）请回答：
①这是哪国的什么宣言？
②这个宣言发表的时间？
③这个文件的发布有何意义？
材料三：在权利方面，人们生来是而且始终是自由平等的，法律是公共意志的表现，所有公民有权参与法律的制定。
——《某宣言》
（3）①这是哪国的制定的什么文件？
②这个文件维护哪个阶级的利益？
（4）以上材料中所涉及的一系列法律文献的制定和颁布有何共同作用？

写出下列词语的近义词

混沌____身躯____奔腾____

    What is the first thing you want to do when you see someone yawn(打哈欠)? You want to yawn, too! Yawning is contagious.

    Scientists have found that all people yawn. Babies start to yawn even before they are born. The earliest yawn takes place when a baby is still inside its mother. When young children are about one year old, they start to yawn when they see others yawning. That's why scientists seem to think yawning is contagious.

    It's no secret that yawning is contagious, but why do we yawn? Well, scientists are not really sure.

    Some think we yawn because we feel bored. Recently scientists studied two groups of students between the ages of 17 and 19. One group watched music videos, and the other watched a boring color test. Scientists compared the numbers of their yawns and found that the color test group yawned more times than the video group.

    Another reason about yawning has to do with breathing. Some scientists believe that when we are bored or tired, we breathe more slowly. As our breathing slows down, we cannot get rid of(去除) enough carbon dioxide (CO₂) in our bodies. When there is too much carbon dioxide, our bodies will tell the brains (大脑) to breathe deeply. The result is a big yawn.                                                           

    In 2007, scientists suggested a new reason. They said that the reason people yawned was to cool down their brains. These scientists found that people who were warmer than others yawned more often.

    Scientists are still trying to find out why yawning happens and why it is so contagious. But they are only sure that when one person yawns, almost everyone else nearby wants to yawn, too.