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人类的“生命天书”走过十年

       ①十年前的4月14日,被称为人类“生命天书”的人类基因组序列图绘制完成,人们期盼这个划时代的成就带来对自身和疾病认识的革命性变化。

       ②人类基因组计划于1990年启动,旨在揭开人体30亿个碱基对的秘密,绘制人类基因组序列图,从而在分子层面上为人类提供一份生命“说明书”,有人将其称为生命科学的“登月计划”。2003年4月14日,中、美、日、德、法、英6国科学家宣布,人类基因组序列图绘制成功,人类基因组计划的所有目标全部实现。

       ③过去十年中,科学家在人类基因组序列图的基础上,取得了一些里程碑式的成就。

       ④基因组测序技术的飞速发展导致其成本直线下降,医学应用继而成为现实。1990年人类基因组计划启动,经中、美、日、德、法、英6国科学家联手,历时13年,花费27亿美元才得以完成。而今天,个人基因组测序成本不到5000美元,且只需要一到两天的时间。

       ⑤目前全球已有数千人绘制了个人基因组图,而随着基因组测序成本进一步下降,这一数字预计将迅速增加。有人乐观地预测,到2020年,每个新生儿都能被绘制基因组图。

       ⑥随着对基因组图研究的日益深入,科学家对疾病的基因根源认识也越来越深入,所找到的致病突变基因数量迅速增加。据美国国家人类基因组研究所统计,1990年人类基因组计划开始时,这一数字是53个,而今天则超过2900个。

       ⑦对疾病基因根源的认识将有助于对症下药。比如说,药物易瑞沙只对EGFR突变基因的肺癌患者有效,而药物爱比妥则对KRAS基因突变的结肠癌患者无效。但基因药物的研发是个漫长过程,从1990年到现在,美国食品和药物管理局批准上市的基因药物也不过是从4种增加至106种。

       ⑧十年悠悠而过。今天,尽管找到的致病基因越来越多,新的基因组药物不断问世,个人基因组测序费用也直线降低,但科学家认为,基因组学时代才刚刚拉开帷幕。

(选自2013年4月15日《科技日报》作者:林小春、任海军  有删改)

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    If women are mercilessly exploited(剥削)year after year,they have only themselves to blame.Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion,they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores.Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion.When you come to think of it,only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe(衣橱)packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.

    Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste.Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn.Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way,waste hours of their time altering(政变)the dresses they have.Skirts are lengthened or shortened;neck-line are lowered or raised,and so on.

    No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society.Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth,comfort and durability(耐用).They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort,as long as they look right.There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some times in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day,or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.

    When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion,the conclusions to be drawn are obvious.Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes,one wonders,reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability (不稳定)?Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers.Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability(可靠)?That is for you to decide.