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《红楼梦》与中国文化

周汝昌

    晚清有一个姓陈号蜕庵的学者曾指出曹雪芹的《红楼梦》不是一部小说，而应当归入子部。我觉得这个人实在了不起，归入子部，等于说《红楼梦》不是传统观念中的野史或“闲书”，而是一部思想巨著。在晚清能有这样的认识是非常难得的，可惜这在当时并没有引起人们的足够注意与重视。

    他说的“子部”，就是指我们中华文化体现于书册形式上的“四部”“四库”：经、史、子、集中的“子”类，皆为古代大思想家的论说，亦即“诸子百家”的“子”。这就点明了《红楼梦》的巨大的文化蕴涵。这是敏锐的文化眼力与灼见，十分重要。

    何谓“文化”？“文”，大家都懂得，那么这一个“化”字如何理解呢？“化”即感化、教化、潜移默化、春风化雨之“化”，而且古时以异族学习汉文化为“归化”。要想感受中华文化的魅力，必须先学会“咬文嚼字”。“咬文嚼字”是中国文化最高之境界。举个例子来说，大家都记得甄士隐与贾雨村，但有谁记得他们二人的名字？贾雨村，名“化”，取“春风化雨”之意，表字“雨村”。甄士隐，名“费”。《四书》中有句曰：“君子之道费而隐”，故名“费”，字“士隐”。在雪芹时代，读书识字之人一看都懂，又有义理又有趣味，而且还谐音，有双关妙语的匠心。这是独特的汉语文之魅力！我认为汉字是人类最高智慧的结晶。

    中华文化的特征有两大条主脉：一条是“仁义”二字，这是自修待人之道，是孔孟之道的精髓；另一条是才情灵秀之气，正是这才气智慧凝结成为一部中国文学史。懂了这两端，再看《红楼梦》，体现的也主要就是这两大方面。即：人际交往、社会伦理、道德仁义与才情灵秀之气所缔造的精神事业。

    有人问我研究红学多年的体会是什么，就是两个字———“沁芳”。“沁芳”二字又有何重大意义，值得研究五六十年始明吗？这是因为：大观园的一条命脉是沁芳溪，而所有轩馆景色都是沿着此溪的曲折而布置的，是故沁芳亭、沁芳桥、沁芳闸，都采此名。

    《红楼梦》中“大观园试才题对额”一回写到宝玉与众清客穿过“曲径通幽处”，见到园中一带清流泻于石隙之下。贾政欲因水取名为“泻玉”，但宝玉认为“泻”字不雅，提议名为“沁芳”。“沁芳”这个美好的名字的取义当源于王实甫的《西厢记》，莺莺上场时那段唱词：“花落水流红，闲愁万种，无语怨东风。”“芳”即“落花”，“沁”即“浸于水”，正是《西厢》“花落水流红”的“浓缩”和“重铸”——它标出了全书的巨大悲剧主题，即“千红一窟（哭）”、“万艳同杯（悲）”字面“香艳”，内涵沉痛。这就是汉字语文的精髓之表现。

    如果你不懂《红楼》与我们的文化的关系，你又怎能懂得它的价值意义，又怎能领会欣赏它的意境之美妙呢？

（有删减）

注：红学，即研究《红楼梦》的学问，五四运动前后，红学作为一门严肃学问堂而皇之步入学术之林，与甲骨学、敦煌学并称20世纪三大显学。

—But I still remember the story, believe it or not,_____we got lost on a rainy night.

Be an inventor

    The biggest secret about inventing is that anybody can do it! Perhaps this sounds crazy, but it's true. Maybe you have the wrong idea about inventing, so read on to discover the truth.

Wrong idea number 1:____

    Well, inventing means creating something “new”, but the idea could come from something that already exists.____ 

Wrong idea number 2: Inventors are born, not made.

    There are a lot of factors that make invention possible. Take Mozart, for example. He was born with a special talent for music.____His father was a music teacher, and Mozart practiced for hours every day, from the time he was in kindergarten.

    ____Very successful creators don't give up when they get something wrong. As one inventor said, “A failure is the right answer to the wrong question!”

    Wrong idea number 3: Inventors are always old people.

____ Here is an example of a young inventor: Louis Braille went blind when he was a child. When he was 15, he invented a system of reading and writing for blind people that is still used in most countries today.

A. Everyday things can give people lots of ideas.

B. An invention has to be something completely new.

C. But other factors were also important for his creativity.

D. As a young man, George Nissen invented the trampoline (蹦床).

E. Don't believe that you can't invent something when you are young.

F. Thomas Edison said that being an inventor was “99% hard work and 1% inspiration”!

G. The Wright brothers, for example, got the idea for building a “flying machine” from watching birds.