《一条大河》作者____，中国作家协会会员、中国散文学会常务理事、鸭绿江文学月刊社主编、社长。主要作品：小说集《人情》；散文集《西部生命》、《上帝广场》、《表述空间》、《没有初恋》；纪实文学集《黄河悲歌》；纪实长篇《中国钢琴梦》、《钢琴时代》等。

    Navajo was the perfect choice for a secret language. It is very complex. One vowel (元音）can have up to ten different pronunciations, changing the meaning of any word. In the 1940s, Navajo was unwritten language. No one outside of the reservation could speak it or understand it.

    The Navajo Code team had to invent new words to describe military equipment. For example, they named ships after fish: lotso-whale (battleship), calo-shark (destroyer), beshloiron-fish (submarine). When a Code Talker received a message via radio, he heard a series of unrelated Navajo words. He would then translate the words into English and use the first letter of each English word to spell the message. The Navajo words tsah (needle), wol-la-chee (ant), ah-kh-di-glini (victor), and tsah-ah-dzoh (yucca) spelled NAVY.

    The Code Talker kept the code a secret. They memorized everything. There were no code books. As a result, no ordinary Navajo soldiers, if captured by the enemy, could understand the code. More than 3,600 Navajos served in World War II, but only 420 were Code Talkers with the US Marines. They coded and decoded battlefield messages better and faster than any machine. They could encode, transmit, and decode a three-line English message in 20 seconds. Machines of the time required 30 minutes to perform the same job.

    Even after the war the code remained top secret. When they were asked about their role, Code Talkers just said: “I was a radioman.” War movies and histories came out without mentioning them. The code was never used again and was finally declassified in 1968. Only then did the secret came out.

根据短文内容，完成下列各题。

      Grace was fourteen years old and was in Grade Eight. She had a part-time job, so she had to get up at five o'clock. She was a newspaper girl.

      Each morning, Grace left the house at 5:15. She always rode a bike to the corner to carry the newspapers.

      In winter it was still dark when she got up, but during the rest of the day it was bright. Grace had to send newspapers to people's houses in all kinds of weather. She tried to put each paper in the box where it would be kept safe from wind, rain or snow. Her customers thought she did a good job. Sometimes they gave her tips(小费).

      Grace made about $70 each month and she was saving some of the money to go to college. She spent the rest on tapes and clothes. Once a month she got the money from her customers together. Since many of them worked during the day, Grace had to get the money at night. Sometimes when Grace was ill, her elder brother had to send the newspapers and Grace's father had to help her.

      Grace had 70 customers now, but she hoped to get more later. Some day, if she got more customers, perhaps Grace could win a prize for being a very good newspaper girl. She wanted to win a visit to Europe, but she would be happy if she won a new bike.