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    People in many countries are learning English.Some of them are small children. Others are teenagers. Many are adults. Some learn at school, others learn by themselves. A few people learn English by hearing the language over the radio, on TV or in films. As we know, it's hard to learn a foreign language well. One must work hard to learn another language. Because we can't use it often. But if you have right ways to learn English, it's a piece of cake.

    Why do all these people want to learn English?It is difficult to answer this question. Many boys and girls learn English at school because it is one of their subjects required (要求) for study. They study their own language, math and English. Some people learn it because it is useful for their work. Many people learn English for their higher studies,because at colleges or universities some of their books are in English. Some people learn English because they want to read newspapers or magazines in English.

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斯塔夫里阿诺斯在《全球通史》中说：“     之前，没有人曾认真地考虑过在中国人的生活方式方面进行一场根本革命，没有人提出过农民大众可以转变成有文化、有财产、政治上积极的公民这样的见解。”材料中的“      ”应为（   ）