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    百年中国,再没有其他学说像儒家思想这样,经历了如此长时间的反复跌宕和严峻拷问。读经和反对读经,曾成为学界和舆论界争吵不休的一桩公案。反对者显然占上风,连鲁迅也站出来发声,批评提倡读经者即使是真正的老实人也不过是“笨牛”而已。文革十年,儒家思想成为众矢之的,必欲清除扫尽而快之。改革开放后,把历史还给历史成为思想学术界共同呼声,孔子由被幼童也参与唾骂的斯文扫地变而为正常的文化古人。由于所经历的“圣弃知”的时间实在太长,难免积非成是,改变世人乃至学界部分人士的成见尚需时日。

    儒学产生之初,即春秋战国时期,儒家只是诸子百家中的一家,其影响比之墨家或犹有未及。所以孟子颇为焦虑地说:“圣王不作,诸侯放恣,处士横议,杨朱、墨翟之言盈天下。天下之言不归杨,则归墨。”他因此想起而矫正此种“仁义充塞”的时代风气,欲以承继虞舜、周公、孔子的圣道为己任。

    汉代中期汉武帝实施“独尊儒术,罢黜百家”的政策,使儒学地位骤然提升,成为社会主流意识形态。但儒学以外的学说仍有存在空间。东汉佛教的传入和道教的兴起,即为明证。而到魏晋南北朝时期,释、道、玄之风大炽,其思想所宗更非只有儒学一家。隋唐佛教发展的势头,亦不在儒学之下。但如果认为隋唐时期的思想主潮是佛而非儒,轻忽儒家地位,又有误读古人之嫌。直承郑康成而撰《五经正义》的孔颖达,即是当时继往开来的儒学健将。明清以来,儒学的地位日趋稳固,但佛、道两家在民间社会的影响也开始定式成型。

    儒家思想在宋代呈现变易之势。二程和朱子等宋代大儒,诚然是承继了先秦以孔子、孟子为代表的儒家思想,但朱子的理学实为思想大汇流的产物,道家和道教的思想,佛教特别是禅宗的思想,一起参与进来成为理学的助发资源。“三教合一”在学理上得到论证,肇始于唐,而宋代实为集大成,此即陈寅恪先生所谓“新儒家之旧途径”是也。

    学者有“制度化儒学”之称,这在唐宋以前并不明显,主要是明清两朝,伴之以科举命题以“四书”取义,儒学不仅制度化,而且在“制度法律公私生活”方面影响尤为深钜,因此其存在形态难免因固化而僵化。儒学在晚清社会从传统到现代的“大变局”中出现危机,实与儒学在明清的固化与僵化直接相关。所谓危机,恰好是“制度化儒学”的危机,而非先秦孔子和孟子原初思想学说的危机。

    这里涉及儒家思想的“变”与不变的问题。所不变者,是为儒家的理性精神和“六艺”经典的核心价值。一些具有代表性的价值理念,包括诚信、爱敬、忠恕、知耻、和而不同等,是几千年以来一直传下来的,不仅适用于传统社会,也适用于当今的社会;不仅适用于中国人,也可以适用于全世界的人。

(摘编自刘梦溪《如何评价儒学的历史地位》)

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    Life is full of surprises and you never know how things will turn out. Sir John Gurdon. Is a good example of this. As a boy, he was told he was hopeless at science and finished bottom of his class. Now, aged 79, the very same Gurdon shared the 2012 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Japanese stem cell (干细胞) researcher Shinya Yamanaka.

    Like so many scientists, Gurdon shows us where the power of curiosity and perseverance (坚持) can lead.

    At the age of 15 in 1948, Gurdon ranked last out of the 250 boys at his high school in biology and every other science subject. Gurdon's high school science teacher even said that his dream of becoming a scientist was quite "ridiculous".

    In spite of his teacher's criticisms, Gurdon followed his curiosity and kept working hard. He went to the laboratory earlier and left later than anyone else. He experienced thousands of failures.

    "I believe that we will, in the end, understand everything about how cells actually work." Gurdon said.

    In 1962, Gurdon took a sell from an adult frog and moved its genetic (基因的) information i nto an egg cell. The egg cell then grown into a clone of the adult frog. This technique later helped to create Dolly the sheep in 1996, the first cloned mammal in the world.

    In 2006, Gurdon's work was developed by Yamanaka to show that a sample (样本) of a person's skin can be used to create stem cells. Using the technique, doctors can repair a patient's heart after a heart attack.

    "Luck prefers the prepared mind." Gurdon told the Nobel Prize organization. "Ninety percent of the time things don't work, but when they do, you have to catch the chance."