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Five ways to improve creativity

    Creativity is the ability to go beyond traditionally rules, ideas or relationships and create something new through imagination or progressiveness. There are many ways to improve your creative mind.

    Exercise the mind. Exercising your mind is an ideal way to boost creativity. Like the body, the mind needs exercise to work the creative muscles and make them stronger. Exercise your brain by learning new subjects, getting into a debate about politics and talking to other creative and intelligent people. ____

    Be Passionate. One aspect of creativity is passion. ____ Find you internal motivation and follow your passion to improve your creativity.

    Change your routine. ____ To boost your creativity, consider changing one to two elements of your daily routine. If you are working on a certain project, consider stopping one project to work on another project at regular interval throughout the day or week.

    Read. While reading provides many intellectual benefits, reading is also beneficial for boosting creativity, exercising your brain and provide creative inspiration. ____Consider reading about subjects that were previously uninteresting to you. This change in the norm might spark your creative interest.

    ____. Our packed schedules have no room for creative thinking. Take a certain amount of time every day to quiet, refresh and clear the mind while relaxing the body. This quiet .time can consist of a yoga workout, meditation or simply sitting still in a dark and quiet room, in a peaceful garden or on a beautiful beach.

A. Schedule quiet time.

B. It can become weak due to stresses.

C. Creativity is a natural quality.

D. Often, creativity is blocked due to a too-familiar routine.

E. These activities will encourage a flow of creativity.

F. Read as much as possible about several different subjects

G. Typically, students will do well in subjects they are interested in.

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E,G,D,F,A

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    中国历史疆域的形成是一个不断发展的过程。翻开历史地图可以看到,唐、宋时期中原王朝与边疆少数民族政权合绘的版图很大,远远超过鸦片战争爆发前清朝的版图,而且不同时期版图变动的幅度十分明显。这种情况说明,这些时期中国的历史疆域尚未完全形成。比如,宋朝与辽、金等王朝大致互为“敌国”关系。不过,这个“敌国”关系反映的是古代国家之间的关系,不同于现代意义上的国家关系。古代国家并无国家主权、国界等现代意义上的观念,而且“敌国”关系具有不确定性,也可能向臣属、从藩的关系转变。在中国历史上,汉、唐等元代以前的中原王朝,并无明确区分边疆与邻邦并分别施以不同的治策,而是主要通过推行以朝贡、封赏为基本内容的封贡制度,将自身的观念、制度、文化等传播到华夏地区以外的区域,企望形成以华夏为中心的文化圈。元朝则对南部边疆与邻邦分别施以不同的治策。在云南行省辖地,元朝普遍设置统治机构并推行土官制度,征收赋税、推行儒学教育;对安南、缅国、占城等实际上是邻邦的藩属政权,则实行派遣达鲁花赤(掌印官)、按期纳质朝贡、君王定期入觐等制度。这说明,元朝在新的高度实现了国家统一,对边疆与邻邦实行不同的治策,以制度的形式肯定了宋代以来中国历史疆域趋向形成的事实,原先的“敌国”关系也发生了变化。

    研究中国边疆史,需要关注地缘政治问题。地缘政治是指与地理因素相关的政治问题。中国古代对地缘政治早有认识,并形成了一些相关思想与策略。中国的历史疆域逐渐形成并趋于巩固,关键是中原王朝较好处理了中心与边缘的关系,形成了有利于全国统一的机制,把对边疆地区的控制由原先微弱的影响发展为实际上的有效统治。中原王朝地缘政治观的特点,是重视人文因素、文化传统的作用,相对忽视海洋等地理因素,并受到注重天人关系、强调等级制度、以文化分尊卑等观念的影响。基于这样的边疆地缘政治观,中原王朝形成了以下治边方略:“守在四夷”的方略,对蛮夷施行德治、教化的方略,通过封贡制度对外施用文化软实力的方略。

    中国历史上的边疆治理,从某种程度上说也是一个博弈的过程。在博弈的参与者、利益得失、策略、信息四个要素中,策略是核心,直接关系到博弈的胜负。在边疆治理中,中原王朝逐渐形成博弈谋胜的方略,大致包括注重长远和全局的方略、善于造势和用势的方略等。中原王朝往往以农业文明为固守基点,以华夏之地安定繁荣、避免周边势力侵扰为宗旨,表现出企望和平、退让保守的倾向。中原王朝幅员广阔、情况复杂,急需解决的问题很多,因此形成了“先事华夏而后夷狄”“重根干轻枝叶”的原则。在边疆事务中,中原王朝在信息获取、情况反馈与用兵效率等方面并不占优势。因此,扬长避短、避免争一时之短长,通常被统治者奉为治边的圭臬。但中原王朝在边疆治理中善于用势,若形势向有利的方向发展,就能果断决策、大胆出击,辅以可以调动的雄厚资源,最终获得胜利。

(摘编自方铁《抓住重点问题推进中国边疆史研究》,有删改)