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窗的随想(刘心武)

       ①中国古典建筑的窗,要求窗框就是画框,看出去是一幅图画。杜甫除有“窗含西岭千秋雪”的名句外,还有若干“望窗外如赏画”的吟诵,如他在成都草堂“去郭轩楹敞,无村眺望奢”,于是窗框就框出了美景:“澄江平少岸,幽树晚多花”。如果窗外望不到自然风景,那么,就人造景观,比如竖起太湖石,栽种芭蕉、梧桐、竹丛、鸡爪红枫……所面对的墙壁会让爬山虎点缀,甚至放养一只仙鹤。

       ②窗的基本功能,是进光、透气。当然在更古的时候,窗洞也是烟囱。中国古典窗,往往为了追求审美效果,而牺牲掉透光量和透气性。西方的古典窗则非常重视透光、透气的功能,比如他们很早就有落地窗,窗户的下部直接与地板衔接,这在中国古典居室建筑中是几乎没有的。唐代诗人孟浩然有四句诗,“散发乘夕凉,开轩卧闲敞,荷风送香气,竹露滴清响”,写的是打开窗户,视觉、嗅觉、听觉全方位地享受窗户给予他的生命快乐。“今夜偏知春气暖,虫声新透绿窗纱”,也表现了对从窗外渗进的地气与虫声倍觉欣慰。这也是中国古典窗追求的窗里窗外的沟通,西方古典窗则不然。

       ③中国以往的窗,木质窗提上糊的是高丽纸,北京有俗语“捅破那层窗户纸”(意味着让真相大白),更有“听窗根”“隔窗有耳”之说,那种窗户纸不但用手指头很容易捅破,用舌尖的唾液也能将其舔破,既难隔音,也难隔影。

       ④西方人很重视维护人的隐私,觉得隐私是不容侵犯的,所以西方的窗在玻璃大量使用以前,会以厚实的木材,甚至辅以铁皮,来制作窗扇,一旦窗扇关闭,室内就成为一个与窗外完全隔绝的私密空间。

       ⑤东西方传统窗文化的差异,并无对错优劣高低妍媸之分,人们到处生活,各处的人们纷纷创造出既有人类共通性又具民族特殊性的窗。现在值得讨论的,是随着全球一体化的进程,新型建筑材料的推广,建筑技术的不断发展,首先在城市里,出现越来越多的无窗建筑,特别是摩天楼等大型公共建筑,采用透明墙面,外望或许有窗的意味,但是没有了可以开启关合的窗扇,也就不能称窗。很多所谓“智能建筑”,已经根本用不着窗户来提供照明、换气等功能。人类的建筑,是否正在走向“窗灭绝”?

       ⑥今年年初,国际上有“建筑界诺贝尔奖”之称的普利兹克奖,颁给了中国建筑师王澍,他的那些作品,还大量地有窗,既有中国古典窗的元素,也有西方古典窗的元素,更从中国乡村农舍窗中汲取了营养,形成了一些可资研究的新型窗。

       ⑦无论如何,这个世界,人们不能只是跟Windows (视窗)打交道,从居室之窗,到心灵之窗,孟浩然那样的窗享受,应该具有永恒的意义。

(选自2012年8月20日《文汇报》,有改动)

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同类题5

阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。

    We live in a sweet world. An average American kid consumes(消耗) more than 20 teaspoons of sugar per day, and adults eat 50% more sugar today than they did in the 1970s. We all know that too much sugar isn't good for us. Researchers at the University of Utah used mice to make a study to prove the toxic effects of eating more sugar. They found it could influence people's health seriously.

    During the 58-week-long study, mice were fed a diet containing 25% more sugar. This percentage is equal to a healthy human diet along with three cans of soda daily. The team found that these mice were twice as likely to die as mice without eating so much sugar. Though the mice did not show signs of obesity or high blood pressure, male mice produced 25% fewer offspring(后代) than the other mice.

The reason why mice were chosen for research by scientists is not far to seek. “Mice have the genetic(基因)structure similar to humans'. Most substances(物质) that are harmful to mice are also harmful to people; it's likely that those important physical problems that cause the rising death rate among mice can also influence people,” says the study author James Ruff of the University of Utah. Findings from this study reveal negative effects that are not as detectable as weight gain or heart problems. Sugar can contribute to long-term changes in the body that can affect development and even shorten lives.

    Different types of sugar have different effects on the human body. Some of the sugar we consume comes from foods we might expect—candy, soda, and cookies. But much of the sugar that we eat is hidden. Food companies add large amounts of sugar to items we may not classify as sweets. To help cut down extra sugar consumption, nutrition experts suggest looking at the ingredients on food packages. Cutting sugar out of the American diet altogether may be difficult, but making every effort to control our nation's desire for sugar will avoid a sweeter future.